Part 32

If we compare this Abingdon consuetudinary of 1185 with the Peterborough Black Book of 1128, the main result seems to be this: the Abingdon dues are quite as heavy, if not heavier, but the labour-services are much lighter. We must not indeed assume that the difference is wholly owing to progress made during the half-century which elapsed between the compilation of the two books; the customs of different localities varied in all ages, and those of Abingdon may never have been so hard as those of Peterborough. On the estates of the bishop of Durham, on the other hand, when Hugh of Puiset took account of his dues in 1183, the old labour-rents and customs seem to have subsisted almost without alteration. A large proportion of the villeins on the bishop’s manors were holders of two bovates or oxgangs of thirty acres each, for which each man paid two shillings and sixpence for scot-pennies, half a chalder of oats, sixteen pence for aver-pennies, five cart-loads of wood, two hens and ten eggs; he had to work for the lord three days every week throughout the year except Easter-week, Whitsun-week and the twelve days of Christmas; moreover, he and all his family, except the house-wife, had to do in autumn four days boon-work in reaping; besides this, he had to reap three roods of _averipe_ (ripe oats), and plough and harrow three roods of _averere_ (oat-stubble). Each villein plough had to plough and harrow two acres; on this occasion the villeins had a corrody from the bishop, and so they had on occasion of a great boon-work. They were to harrow whenever required; to perform services of carting, for which they got every man a loaf; to make each one booth for the fair of S. Cuthbert; “and when they make lodges” (possibly for the bishop’s hunting) “and cart wood, they are free of other work.” These were the services due from twenty-two out of the thirty-six tenants on the manor of Boldon. Of the remainder, twelve were “cotmen,” holding each twelve acres and working throughout the year, except at the above-named seasons, two days a week, and rendering twelve hens and sixty eggs. One man held two oxgangs of thirty-seven acres, at a rent of half a mark; another was the pounder, who held twelve acres, received from each plough one thrave of corn, and rendered twenty-four hens and five hundred eggs. The mill paid five marks and a half. The villeins were bound to give their labour every year, if required, for the building of a house (perhaps a hunting-lodge) forty feet long and fifteen feet wide; in that case they were forgiven fourpence for aver-pennies. The whole township rendered seventeen shillings for cornage, and one cow.[2272] Clevedon and Whitburn contained twenty-eight villeins and twelve cotmen whose services were the same as at Boldon; besides these and the pounder, there were four other tenants; one held two bovates of twenty-four acres at a rent of sixteenpence, and “went on the bishop’s errands”; one held sixty acres and a toft at eightpence, and fulfilled the same duty; the other two held their lands at a money-rent only.[2273] At Sedgefield there were fifty-one tenants, of whom twenty were villeins holding and labouring on the same terms as their brethren at Boldon; twenty more were “farmers,” holding two bovates apiece, paying five shillings, ploughing and harrowing half an acre, and finding two men to mow, two to reap, and two to make hay, for two days, and also one cart for two days to carry corn, and the same to cart hay; they also did four days’ boon-work in autumn with all their families except the housewives. The reeve, the smith and the carpenter held land by their service; the pounder got his thraves of corn and paid his dues in hens and eggs as on the other manors. Five _bordarii_ held five tofts, paid five shillings, and did four days’ boon-work. William of Oldacres and Uhtred of Butterwick held lands, whose extent is not specified, at a rent of sixteen shillings and half a mark respectively.[2274] At Norton there were thirty villeins holding and labouring like those of Boldon, save that for lack of pasture-land they owed no cornage; and twenty farmers, whose tenure was much the same as that of the farmers of Sedgefield. Alan of Normanton held one carucate for ten shillings, and had to find thirty-two men for a day’s work when required, four carts for one day or two for two days for carrying corn, and the same for carting hay; besides which his men, if he had any, were to work four boon-days in autumn with all their families except the housewives, but Alan himself and his own household were free of this service. Adam, son of Gilbert of Hardwick, held a large piece of land by a money-rent. There was a mill, with eight acres and a meadow, and rendering twenty marks; a pounder, holding on the usual terms; and there were twelve cotmen, holding tofts and crofts, and paying partly in money, partly in work.[2275] The palatine bishopric, it is clear, was an old-fashioned district where innovations of any kind were slow to penetrate. Even here, however, the newer system of money-payment in commutation of service was beginning to make its appearance. The tenures on the manor of Whickham had undergone a sweeping change, apparently not long before Bishop Hugh’s survey was drawn up. On this manor there were thirty-five villeins, holding each an oxgang of fifteen acres. Each of these had been wont to pay sixteenpence, and to work three days a week throughout the year, three boon-days in autumn with all his family except his wife, and a fourth boon-day with two men; in their ordinary work they had to mow the grass, to cut and carry the hay, to reap and carry the corn; and over and above this, they had to plough and harrow two acres of _averere_ with each plough; for this, however, they had a corrody. They had also, in the course of their work, to “make a house” forty feet long and fifteen feet wide, to make three fisheries in the Tyne, and to do carting and carrying like the villeins of Boldon; they gave nine shillings cornage, one cow, and for every oxgang one hen and ten eggs. “Now, however,” adds the record, “the said manor of Whickham is at farm”--demesne, villeins, mill, fisheries and all:--it may possibly, like its neighbour Ryton, have been let at farm to the tenants themselves; but at any rate, its entire services and dues, except a small tribute of hens and eggs, were commuted for a rent of six-and-twenty pounds.[2276]

[2272] _Boldon Buke_ (Greenwell), pp. 3, 4. Cornage was a “payment made in commutation of a return of cattle” (_ib._ Glossary).

[2273] _Ib._ p. 5.

[2274] _Ib._ p. 11.

[2275] _Boldon Buke_ (Greenwell), pp. 12, 13.

[2276] _Ib._ pp. 33, 34.

On the whole, the glimpses which we get of the condition of the rural population of England under the Angevin kings seem to indicate that they were by no means excluded from a share in the progress of the kingdom at large. Even if their dues had grown heavier, this surely points to an advance in agricultural prosperity and of the material ease and comfort which are its natural results. The spread of industry shewed itself in many ways. In the towns we can trace it in the growing importance of the handicraftsmen, proved by the jealousy with which their gilds were regarded by the central government and still more by the civic authorities. The weavers seem to have been special objects of civic dislike; in most of the great towns they were treated as a sort of outcasts by the governing body; and in 1201 the London citizens bought of John, at the price of twenty silver marks a year and sixty marks down, a charter authorizing them to turn the weavers out of the city altogether. The sequel of this bargain is eminently characteristic of John; but it is equally significant of the growing influence of the craftsmen. The king took the citizens’ money and gave them the charter which they desired, but he made it null and void by granting his protection to the weavers as before, merely exacting from them an annual payment of twenty marks instead of eighteen.[2277]

[2277] Riley, _Munim. Gildh._, vol. ii. pt. i. introd. pp. lxi–lxiii.

Hand in hand with the growth of industry went the growth of trade. Markets and fairs were springing up everywhere, and a keen commercial rivalry sprang up with them. The little borough of S. Edmund’s set up a “merchant-gild,” whose members insisted that all who did not belong to it must pay toll in their market.[2278] The great success of Abingdon fair in Henry’s early years stirred up the jealousy of both Wallingford and Oxford, and their remonstrances compelled the king to order that inquisition should be made, through twenty-four of the old men of the shire “who were living in his grandfather’s time,” whether the obnoxious little township had in those days enjoyed the privilege of a market. The case was tried in full shire-moot at Farnborough; the twenty-four elders were duly elected, and swore that Abingdon had had a full market in the time of King Henry the First. The jurors were however challenged by the opposing party, whereupon Henry ordered “the men of Wallingford and the whole county of Berkshire” to meet before his justices at Oxford, and there to choose fresh recognitors. This time the jury could not agree among themselves. The Wallingford jurors swore that they remembered nothing sold at Abingdon in the first King Henry’s reign except bread and ale; the Oxford men admitted more than this, but not a “full market”--nothing brought by cart or boat (there was an old-standing quarrel between Oxford and Abingdon about boat-cargoes and river-tolls); the shiremen acknowledged that there had been a “full market,” but doubted whether goods were carried thither by any boats save those belonging to the abbot himself. The justiciar, Earl Robert of Leicester, who was presiding over the court in person, transmitted these various opinions to the king without venturing to decide the case. As it chanced, however, he could--so at least the Abingdon story ran--add to them an useful reminiscence of his own childhood: he had himself seen a full market at Abingdon not only in the days of King Henry I., but as far back as the days of King William, when he, Earl Robert, was a little boy in the abbey-school. And so the men of Abingdon won their case.[2279]

[2278] Joc. Brakelond (Rokewode), p. 74.

[2279] _Hist. Mon. Abingdon_ (Stevenson), vol. ii. pp. 227–229. This happened 1158–1161. Mr. Eyton (_Itin. Hen. II._, pref. pp. v, vi) denies on chronological grounds the authenticity of Earl Robert’s supposed witness to the state of affairs in the Conqueror’s time. He does not adduce his proofs; I can therefore only leave this part of the matter undecided, and take the Abingdon story as I find it.

Disputes of this kind, however, were not always so peacefully settled. Some forty years later--in 1201--the monks of Ely set up, under the protection of a royal charter, a market at Lakenheath, within the “liberties” of S. Edmund’s abbey. The chapter of S. Edmund’s, “together with their friends and neighbours,” sent to Ely an amicable remonstrance against this proceeding, adding that they would willingly make good the fifteen marks which the monks of Ely had paid for their charter, if these latter would consent to forego the use of it. The remonstrance however produced no effect. The brotherhood of S. Edmund’s therefore demanded a recognition to declare whether the new market had been set up to their injury, and to the injury of the market at their own town. The verdict of the recognitors decided that it was so. The next step was to inform the king, and ascertain from him the exact tenour of his charter to Ely; search was made in the royal register, and it was found that the market had been granted only on condition that it should not damage the interests of other markets in the neighbourhood. Hereupon the king, for a promise of forty marks, gave to S. Edmund’s a charter providing that no market should thenceforth be set up within the liberties of the abbey save by the abbot’s consent; and he issued orders to the justiciar, Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, for the abolition of the market at Lakenheath. The justiciar sent on the order to the sheriff of Suffolk; and the sheriff, having no jurisdiction within the liberties of S. Edmund’s, forwarded it to the abbot for execution. Next market-day the hundred-reeve came to Lakenheath, and shewing the letters of king and sheriff, supported by the testimony of the freemen, forbade the market in the king’s name; he was however met with nothing but contempt and abuse. The abbot, who was in London at the time, after consulting with some “wise men” there, wrote to his bailiffs bidding them assemble all the men of S. Edmund’s with their horses and arms, overthrow the market by force, and take prisoners as many of the buyers and sellers as they could. In the middle of the night some six hundred well-armed men set out from S. Edmund’s for Lakenheath. When they reached it the market was deserted; all the stall-holders had fled. The prior of Ely was at Lakenheath with his bailiffs, having come that same night in expectation of the intended attack; but he “would not come out of his house”; so the bailiffs of S. Edmund’s, after vainly demanding pledges from him that he would “stand to right” in the abbey-court, seized the butchers’ trestles and the planks which formed the stalls, as well as the cart-horses, sheep and oxen, “yea, and all the beasts of the field,” and carried them away to Icklingham. The prior’s bailiffs hurried in pursuit, and begged to have their goods on pledge for fifteen days, which was granted. Within the fifteen days came a writ summoning the abbot to answer for this affair at the Exchequer, and to restore the captured animals. “For the bishop of Ely, who was a man of ready and eloquent speech, had complained in his own person to the justiciar and the great men of England, saying that an unheard-of insult had been done to S. Etheldreda in time of peace; wherefore many were greatly stirred up against the abbot.”[2280]

[2280] Joc. Brakelond (Rokewode), pp. 98, 99.

The developement of foreign commerce, resulting from the wide-spread relations of the Angevin kings with lands on both sides of the sea which encompassed their island-realm, woke a rivalry no less keen between some of the great trading cities, although they might shew it in less rough and ready fashion than the champions of the mercantile privileges of S. Edmund’s. One interesting illustration has recently come to light, in a writ of Henry II. to the bailiffs of Dublin in favour of the citizens of Chester. Henry, as we know, had granted to the men of Bristol the right of colonizing Dublin and holding it of him and his heirs with the same liberties and privileges as were enjoyed by Bristol itself. Bristol and Chester had for ages been rivals in the trade with Ireland; Chester now saw itself in imminent danger of being altogether shut out of that trade, an exclusion which would have meant little less than ruin to the city. We can hardly doubt that its citizens appealed to the king for a reservation of their commercial privileges in Dublin as against the Bristol merchants. At any rate, Henry in 1175 or 1176 issued a writ to the bailiffs of Dublin commanding that the burghers of Chester should be free to buy and sell at Dublin as they had been wont to do, and should have the same rights, liberties and free customs there as they had had in his grandfather’s days.[2281] Yet more important than the trade of the western seaports with Ireland was that of the eastern coast, not only with the continental dominions of the Angevin house, but with almost the whole of Europe. Not the least beneficial result of the Angevins’ renewal of the old political ties between England and the Empire was the increase of trade which it helped to bring from the merchant-cities of northern Germany and the Low Countries to the port of London. Nor were the kings themselves blind to the advantage of these commercial relations. Richard on the eve of his return from captivity in 1194 granted to the citizens of Cöln a gildhall in London, “with all their other customs and demands,” for an annual payment of two shillings.[2282] The hall of the other Teutonic merchants--famous in later days under the name of the Steel-yard--was probably established about the same period; and early in the following century we find an elaborate and interesting code of regulations for the trade of the Lorrainers, the “men of the Emperor of Germany,” the Danes and the Norwegians.[2283] The developement of commerce brought with it a corresponding growth of riches, and of the material comforts and refinements of life. Domestic architecture began to improve. Henry Fitz-Aylwine issued at the opening of his mayoralty an “Assize” which has been described as “the earliest English Building Act,” and which at any rate shews that the civic authorities were earnestly endeavouring to secure health and comfort in the houses within their jurisdiction, and also to guard against the risk of fire which had ruined so many citizens in times past.[2284] Ecclesiastical architecture progressed still more rapidly; church-building or rebuilding went on all over the country on a scale which proves how great was the advance, both in artistic taste and material wealth, which England had made under the just rule and peaceful administration of her first Angevin king. At the opening of John’s reign the citizens of London were contemplating an important architectural work of another kind: they were planning to replace the wooden bridge over the Thames with a bridge of stone. Degenerate representative as he was in more important respects of the “great builders” of Anjou, John had yet inherited a sufficient share of their tastes to feel interested in such an undertaking as this; and in April 1202 we find him writing to the mayor and citizens of London to recommend them an architect, Isenbert, master of the schools at Saintes, whose skill in the construction of bridges had been lately proved at Saintes and at La Rochelle.[2285] The citizens however seem not to have adopted the king’s suggestion; they found an architect among themselves, in the person of Peter, chaplain or curate of S. Mary Colechurch--the little church beneath whose shadow S. Thomas the martyr was born. It was Peter who “began the stone bridge at London”; and in a chapel on that bridge his body found its appropriate resting-place when he died in 1205.[2286]

[2281] The real meaning of this writ is pointed out by Mr. J. H. Round in the _Academy_, May 29, 1886 (new issue, No. 734, p. 381). The writ itself is there reprinted from the Eighth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical MSS., where it has been wrongly interpreted, owing to a misreading of the word which stands for Dublin.

[2282] Riley, _Munim. Gildh._, vol. ii. pt. i. introd. p. xli, from _Placita de quo warranto_, p. 468.

[2283] Riley as above, pp. 61, 64, and introd. pp. xxxv–xxxix.

[2284] Fitz-Aylwine’s Assize is printed by Mr. Stapleton from the _Liber de Antiquis Legibus_, pp. 206–211. It is there dated 1189.

[2285] Rymer, _Fœdera_, vol. i. p. 83.

[2286] Ann. Waverl. a. 1205 (Luard, _Ann. Monast._, vol. ii. pp. 256, 257).

There can be little doubt that a large part of the means for this developement of commercial and architectural energy was furnished by the Jews. The Jewish settlements increased rapidly both in numbers and in importance under Henry II. In the Pipe Rolls of his first five years we find, in addition to the London Jews who appeared in the thirty-first year of his grandfather, and those of Oxford and Lincoln of whom there are traces in the next reign, Jewries at Norwich, Cambridge, Thetford and Bungay, as well as at an unnamed place in Suffolk, which from other evidence seems to have been Bury S. Edmund’s;[2287] and we have already seen that before Henry’s death there were important Hebrew colonies at Lynn, Stamford, York, and many other places. At Winchester the Jews were so numerous and so prosperous that a writer in Richard’s early years calls it their Jerusalem.[2288] The great increase in their numbers throughout England during Henry’s reign is shewn by the fact that in 1177 he found it necessary to grant them permission for the making of a Jewish burial-ground outside the walls of every city in England, instead of sending all their dead to be buried in London, as had been the practice hitherto.[2289] Legally, the Jews were still simply chattels of the king. Practically, they were masters of the worldly interests of a large number of his Christian subjects, and of a large portion of the wealth of his realm. Without their loans many a great and successful trading venture could never have been risked, many a splendid church could never have been built, nay, many a costly undertaking of the king himself might have been brought to a standstill for lack of funds necessary to its completion. The abbey-church of S. Edmund was rebuilt with money borrowed in great part, at exorbitant interest, from Jewish capitalists. Abbot Hugh, when he died in 1173, left his convent in utter fiscal bondage to two wealthy Jews, Isaac son of Rabbi Joses, and Benedict of Norwich.[2290] The sacred vessels and jewels belonging to Lincoln minster were in the same year redeemed by Geoffrey, then bishop-elect, from Aaron, a rich Jew of the city who had had them in pledge for seven years or more.[2291] In 1187 Aaron died; his treasure was seized for the king, and a large part of it sent over sea. The ship which bore it went down between Shoreham and Dieppe, and the sum of the lost treasure was great enough for its loss to be chronicled as a grave misfortune by the treasurer, Bishop Richard Fitz-Nigel;[2292] while two years later the affairs of the dead Jew still made a prominent figure in the royal accounts.[2293] His house, as it stands at the head of the “Steep Hill” of Lincoln to this day, is one of the best examples of a mode of domestic architecture to which Christian townsfolk had scarcely yet begun to aspire, but which was already growing common among those of his race: a house built entirely of stone, in place of the wooden or rubble walls and thatched roofs which, even after Fitz-Aylwine’s Assize, still formed the majority of dwellings in the capital itself.

[2287] Jews at Norwich, Pipe Roll 2 Hen. II. (Hunter), p. 8; Cambridge, _ib._ p. 15; Thetford and Bungay, 5 Hen. II. (Pipe Roll Soc.), p. 12. In 4 Hen. II. (Hunter), p. 127, the sheriff of Suffolk renders an account of twenty silver marks “pro Judæis”; as we find Jews at S. Edmund’s at the opening of Richard’s reign, it seems probable that they are the persons referred to here.

[2288] Ric. Devizes (Stevenson), p. 62.

[2289] _Gesta Hen._ (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 182.

[2290] Joc. Brakelond (Rokewode), pp. 2, 3.

[2291] Gir. Cambr. _Vita S. Remig._, c. 24 (Dimock and Freeman, vol. vii. p. 36).

[2292] _Gesta Hen._ (Stubbs), vol. ii. p. 5.

[2293] Pipe Roll 1 Ric. I. (Hunter), pp. 8, 59, 219, 226, 229, 246.

It is no wonder that these people, with their untold stores of wealth, their independence of all ordinary jurisdictions, their exemption from all the burthens of civil life, their voluntary exclusion from the common brotherhood of Christendom, their strange aspect and their mysterious language, were objects of universal jealousy, suspicion and hatred, which they on their part took but little pains to conciliate or allay. The religious feelings of the whole population of Oxford were outraged by a Jew who publicly mocked at S. Frideswide amid the solemnities of her festival-day, well knowing that neither prior nor bishop, chancellor nor portreeve, dared lift a finger to check or to punish him.[2294] Darker stories than this, however, were whispered against his race. They were charged not only with ruining many Englishmen of all classes by their usury, and with openly insulting the Christian sacraments and blaspheming the Christians’ Lord, but with buying Christians for money in order to crucify them.[2295] A boy, afterwards canonized as S. William, was said to have been thus martyred at Norwich in 1137;[2296] another, Robert, at S. Edmund’s in 1181;[2297] and a third at Winchester in 1192.[2298] Little as we may be inclined to believe such tales, we can scarcely wonder that they found credit at the time, and that the popular hatred of the Jews went on deepening till it broke out in the massacres of 1190. That outbreak compelled the king to interfere in behalf of his “chattels”; but the fines with which he punished it, though they deterred the people from any further attempts to get rid of the Jews by force, could not alter the general feeling. At S. Edmund’s Abbot Sampson, immediately after the massacre, sought and obtained a royal writ authorizing him to turn all the remaining Jews out of the town at once and for ever;[2299] and in 1194 Richard, or Hubert Walter in his name, found it needful to make an elaborate ordinance for the regulation of Jewish loans throughout the realm and the security of Jewish bonds. Such loans were to be made only in six or seven appointed places, before two “lawful Christians,” two “lawful Jews,” two “lawful writers,” and two clerks specially named in the ordinance; the deed was to be drawn up in the form of an indenture; one half, sealed with the borrower’s seal, was to be given to the Jewish lender; the other half was to be deposited in a common chest having three locks; the two Christians were to keep one key, the two Jews another, and the two royal clerks the third; and the chest was to be sealed with three seals, one being affixed by each of the parties who held the keys. The clerks were to have a roll containing copies of all such deeds; for every deed threepence were to be paid, half that sum by the Jew and half by his creditor; the two scribes got a penny each, and the keeper of the roll the third; and no transactions whatsoever in connexion with these Hebrew bonds was henceforth to take place save in accordance with these regulations.[2300]

[2294] _Mirac. S. Fridesw._, in _Acta SS._, vol. lvi. p. 576 (October 19).

[2295] R. Coggeshall (Stevenson), p. 28.

[2296] Eng. Chron. a. 1137.

[2297] Joc. Brakelond (Rokewode), p. 12.

[2298] Ric. Devizes (Stevenson), p. 60.

[2299] Joc. Brakelond (Rokewode), p. 33.

[2300] Rog. Howden (Stubbs), vol. iii. pp. 266, 267. These “Capitula de Judæis” form the twenty-fourth chapter of _Forma procedendi in placitis Coronæ Regiæ_ (see above, p. 337), printed also in Stubbs, _Select Charters_, pp. 259–263.

It is just possible that this growth of anti-Jewish feeling may have helped in some degree to the growth of a sense of national unity among the other dwellers in the land. All Christians, to whatever race they might belong, whatever tongue they might speak, could not but feel themselves to be one people as against these Oriental intruders. It is at any rate clear that of the foreign elements which had been infused into the population of England during the hundred and forty years which had passed since Duke William landed at Pevensey, the Hebrew element was the only one which had not amalgamated with the native mass. The fusion in blood between Normans and English, which we saw making rapid progress under Henry I., was before the end of his grandson’s reign so far complete that the practice of “presentment of Englishry”--that is, the privilege whereby the hundred in which a man was found slain escaped paying the murder-fine to the treasury, if it could prove that the victim was not of Norman blood--had to be given up because the two nationalities had become so intermixed in every class above that of serfs that it could hardly ever be made out to which of them any man really belonged.[2301] In this fusion the English element, as it was far the larger, was also the weightier and the stronger. In the matter of speech it was fast regaining its supremacy. Foreign priests and foreign prelates were learning to speak and to preach to the English people in their own tongue; Norman barons and knights were learning to talk English with their English-speaking followers and dependents; some of them were learning to talk it with their own wives.[2302] If the pure Teutonic speech of our forefathers had suffered some slight corruption from foreign influences, Walter Map’s legend of the well at Marlborough whereof whosoever drank spoke bad French for ever after[2303] may hint that the language of the conquerors was becoming somewhat Anglicized in the mouths of some at least of their descendants; and the temper of these adoptive Englishmen was changing yet more rapidly than their speech. Of the many individual figures which stand out before us, full of character and life, in the pages of the twelfth-century historians, the one who in all ages, from his own day to ours, has been unanimously singled out as the typical Englishman is the son of Gilbert of Rouen and Rohesia of Caen.

[2301] _Dial. de Scacc._, l. i. c. 10 (Stubbs, _Select Charters_, pp. 201, 202).

[2302] See the story of Helwyse de Morville and her husband--parents of the Hugh de Morville who was one of the murderers of S. Thomas--in Will. Cant. (Robertson, _Becket_, vol. i.), p. 128.

[2303] W. Map, _De Nug. Cur._, dist. v. c. 6 (Wright, pp. 235, 236).

The whole policy of the Angevin kings tended to mould their insular subjects into an united English nation. Their equal administration completed that wiping-out of local distinctions which had been begun by the wisdom of the Norman kings and helped on by the confusion of the civil war; their developement of old English methods of judicial and administrative procedure brought the English people again visibly and tangibly to the forefront of affairs. Even those very qualities and tendencies which were most un-English in the Angevins themselves helped indirectly to a like result. The almost world-wide range of their political interests gave England once more a place among the nations, and a place far more important than any which she had ever before held. For, above all, it was England that they represented in the eyes of the continental powers; it was as “Kings of the English” that they stood before the world; and it was as Kings of the English that their successors were to stand there still, when the Angevin empire had crumbled into dust. On the eve of that catastrophe the new England found a voice. The English tongue once more asserted its right to a place among the literary tongues of Europe. The higher English poetry, which had slumbered ever since the days of Cadmon, suddenly woke again to life among the Worcestershire hills. The story of the origin of Layamon’s _Brut_ can never be told half so well as in the poet’s own words. “A priest there was in the land, Layamon was he named; he was Leovenath’s son; may the Lord be gracious to him! He dwelt at Ernley, at a noble church by Severn’s bank--good it there seemed to him!--hard by Radstone, where he read books. It came into his mind, and into his chief thoughts, that he would tell the noble deeds of Englishmen--what they were called, and whence they came, who first owned English land.... Layamon began to journey wide over this land, and got the noble books that he took for models. He took the English book that Saint Beda made; another he took, in Latin, that Saint Albin made, and the fair Austin, who brought baptism in hither; a third book he took, and laid there in the midst, that a French clerk made, Wace was he called, who well could write, and he gave it to the noble Eleanor who was the high King Henry’s queen. Layamon laid these books before him, and turned the leaves; he lovingly beheld them; may the Lord be merciful to him! Pen he took with fingers and wrote on a bookskin, and the true words set together, and the three books compressed into one.”[2304] We must not blame a dweller on the western border in the early days of King John if, when setting himself to tell “the noble deeds of Englishmen,” he thought it needful to begin with the fall of Troy after the pattern of Wace and Wace’s original, Geoffrey of Monmouth. We can only be thankful to this simple English priest for leaving to us a purely English poem of more than thirty thousand lines which is indeed beyond all price, not only as a specimen of our language at one of its most interesting stages, but as an abiding witness to the new spirit of patriotism which, ten years and more before the signing of the Great Charter, was growing up in such quiet corners of the land as this little parish of “Ernley” (or Areley Kings) by Severn-side. The subject-matter of Layamon’s book might be taken chiefly from his French guide, Wace; but its spirit and its language are both alike thoroughly English. The poet’s “chief thought,” as he says himself, was to “tell the noble deeds of Englishmen,” to Englishmen, in their own English tongue. A man who wrote with such an ambition as this was surely not unworthy of the simple reward which was all that he asked of his readers: “Now prayeth Layamon, for love of Almighty God, every good man that shall read this book and learn this counsel, that he say together these soothfast words for his father’s soul, and for his mother’s soul, and for his own soul, that it may be the happier thereby. Amen!”[2305]

[2304] Layamon (Madden), vol. i. pp. 1–3.

[2305] Layamon (Madden), vol. i. pp. 3, 4.

Layamon’s _Brut_ was written at some time between John’s crowning and his return to England, after the loss of Normandy, in 1206.[2306] It was a token that, on both sides of the sea, the Angevins’ work was all but ended, their mission all but fulfilled. The noblest part of that mission was something of which they themselves can never have been fully conscious; and yet perhaps through that very unconsciousness they had fulfilled it the more thoroughly. “The silent growth and elevation of the English people”--as that people’s own historian has taught us--“was the real work of their reigns;”[2307] and even from a survey so imperfect as ours we may see that when John came home in 1206 the work was practically done.

[2306] On the date, etc., of Layamon see Sir F. Madden’s preface to his edition of the _Brut_, vol. i.; and Mr. Morley’s _English Writers_, vol. i. pp. 632–635.

[2307] Green, _Stray Studies_, p. 217.

INDEX

Aaron of Lincoln, ii. 487

Abelard, i. 480

Abingdon, its customs in 1185, ii. 475–477; its fair, 481, 482. _See_ Faricius

Achard, lord of Châlus, ii. 382, 383

Aclea, battle of, i. 102

Acre taken by the crusaders, ii. 319

Adaland, archbishop of Tours, i. 131, 132

Adalbert, count of Périgord, i. 145

Adam, Master, i. 482, 492, 493

Adam de Bruce, ii. 145

Adam de Port, ii. 162

Adela, first wife of Geoffrey Greygown, i. 121, 135

Adela, countess of Chalon-sur-Saône, second wife of Geoffrey Greygown, i. 121, 134, 135, 199

Adela of France, daughter of Louis VII. and Eleanor, i. 445

Adela, daughter of Louis VII. and Constance, born, i. 468; betrothed to Richard, ii. 62; offered to John, 314; marries the count of Ponthieu, 374

Adela of Blois, daughter of Theobald IV., third wife of Louis VII., i. 468

Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, wife of Stephen-Henry of Blois, i. 272; her children, 273

Adela of Vendôme, daughter of Fulk Nerra and Elizabeth, i. 172

Adela, _see_ Hermengard

Adelaide or Blanche, mother of Queen Constance, i. 191, 192

Adelard of Bath, i. 94, 95

Adeliza of Louvain, second wife of Henry I., i. 94; married to William of Aubigny, 298; receives the Empress Matilda, i. 309

Ademar, count of Angoulême, ii. 316, 381, 398, 399

Ademar, viscount of Limoges, ii. 220, 230, 381, 382

Adrian IV., Pope, i. 476; his relations with the English Church and the _Curia Theobaldi_, 477; friendship with John of Salisbury, 485; bull for conquest of Ireland, 431; ii. 95, 96, 182; relations with Henry II., i. 497; dies, 498. _See_ Nicolas

Ælendis of Amboise, wife of Ingelger, i. 105, 131

Aerschot, _see_ Arnold

Agnes of Burgundy, her marriages, i. 174, 197–199; kinship with Geoffrey Martel, 136, 175, 199; divorced, 212

Agnes of Merania, ii. 395, 401

Agnes of Poitou, daughter of William IV., marries Emperor Henry III., i. 176

“Aids” from towns, i. 25, 29; the Sheriff’s, ii. 15; _pour fille marier_, 125, 126; for the king’s ransom, 325

Aileach, kings of, _see_ Donell, Murtogh

Alan Barbetorte, count of Nantes and duke of Britanny, i. 115

Alan III., duke of Britanny, helps Herbert Wakedog against Avesgaud and Fulk, i. 159, note 4{343}; marriage, 205; death, 206, 211

Alan Fergant, duke of Britanny, his marriages, i. 328, note 4{930}

Alan, count of Nantes, i. 146

Alan of Richmond, i. 318, 319, 321

Albano, _see_ Henry

Alberic, bishop of Ostia, legate, i. 299, 300

Alberic, count of Gâtinais, _see_ Geoffrey

Albinus or Aubin, S., bishop of Angers, i. 98

Alcuin, i. 181

Aldgate, priory of Holy Trinity at, i. 66

Alençon, i. 208, 209; treaty of, 217; surrendered to Henry I., 233; restored to William Talvas, 236; won by Fulk V., _ib._ _See_ Robert, William

Alexander II., Pope, i. 220

Alexander III., Pope, i. 498; acknowledged in France and England, 502; grants the pall to Thomas, ii. 6; meets Henry and Louis at Chouzy, 13; holds a council at Tours, 14; relation to the Becket quarrel, 29, 50–52; condemns Constitutions of Clarendon, 42; returns to Rome, 55; appoints Thomas legate, 67; sends commissioners to mediate between Henry and Thomas, 69, 70; authorizes Roger of York to crown young Henry, 71; forbids him, 72; interdicts the Angevin dominions and excommunicates the murderers of S. Thomas, 79; sends envoys to Henry, 80

Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, i. 83, 94, 303, 304

Alfhun, master of S. Bartholomew’s hospital, i. 67

Alfonso II., king of Aragon, ii. 133; helps Richard in Aquitaine, 230, 231

Alfonso VIII., king of Castille, marries Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., ii. 60; submits his quarrel with Navarre to Henry’s arbitration, 190

Alfonso Jordan, count of Toulouse, i. 455, 456, 458

Alfred of Beverley, ii. 445, 446

Alice of Maurienne betrothed to John Lackland, ii. 132–134; dies, 184

Almeric of Montfort, i. 232, 236, 237, 238, 241

Almeric, viscount of Thouars, ii. 395, 427, 428

Alnwick, ii. 161

Amboise, i. 105, 106; house of the Angevin counts at, 151; Odo’s last attack on, 163. _See_ Lisoy, Sulpice

Ambrières, i. 209, 211

Anagni, _see_ John

Andegavi, i. 97

Andely, Isle of, ii. 376, 377; besieged by Philip, 411, 412; John’s attempt to relieve it, 413–415; taken, 416

Andely, Nouvel or Petit, ii. 377; taken by Philip, 416; fate of its townsfolk, 417, 418

_Andes_, i. 97, 130

Andrew of London, i. 363

Angareth, wife of William de Barri, ii. 453

Angers (Juliomagus), i. 98; its position as a border-fortress, 101; seized by northmen, 103; relieved by Charles the Bald, _ib._, 104; its aspect in tenth century, 108; palace of the counts, 109, 132–134, 165; of the bishops, 133; fires at, _ib._, 152; R. Diceto’s description of, 134; Henry I. of France at, 213; betrayed to Fulk Rechin, 220; Urban II. at, 225; burghers of, revolt against Fulk V., 234; Fulk Nerra’s buildings at, 165; abbeys of S. Aubin and S. Sergius at, 98; our Lady of Charity (Ronceray), 165; S. Nicolas, _ib._, 172, 214, 225, 228; Henry II.’s buildings at, ii. 197, 199, 200; Henry and his sons at, 224; given up to Arthur, 389; seized by his friends, 407; retaken by John, 428; bishops, _see_ Albinus, Dodo, Rainald, Raino, Ulger

Angevin March, the, i. 101; its extent, 130

Angevins, _see_ Anjou

Angoulême, disputed succession, ii. 220. _See_ Ademar, Isabel, Matilda, Vulgrin, William

Anjou, its geographical position and character, i. 97; political position, 106, 107; its character as a marchland, 107; its golden age, 113; sources of its history, 126, 127; county of, “bipartite,” 128, 129, 130; its extent, 97, 130; dependence on the duchy of France, 130; condition at Fulk Rechin’s death, 229; placed under interdict, 242; revolts of the barons, 266–267, 343; rebels in (1173), ii. 136; condition under Henry II., 194–196; John acknowledged in, 388; accepts Arthur, 389; submits to Philip, 425; counts of, their origin, i. 105; character, 108; palace at Angers, 109, 132–134, 165; burial-place, 117, note 3{263}; claims upon Nantes, 116, 117; upon Maine, i. 124, 140–142; the demon-countess, 143; house at Amboise, 151; rivalry with Blois, 145, 150, 188, 271, 279; extinction of the male line, 214; decline after Martel’s death, 215, 218; relations with France, 164; ii. 357; growth of their power, 187, 188; career in Palestine, 239; their work for England, 490, 492. _See_ Elias, Fulk, Geoffrey, Guy, Henry, Hermengard, Ingelger, Lambert, Matilda, Odo, Robert, Sibyl, William

Annonain, Pont de l’, ii. 200, 201

Anselm, S., archbishop of Canterbury, i. 8, 9; his struggle with Henry I., 15–18; consecrates Malchus to Waterford, ii. 89; dies, i. 63; proposal to canonize him, ii. 14

Aquitaine, its relations with France, i. 123, 145, 383, 456, 457; ii. 202; extent and history, i. 454; granted to Richard, ii. 62; rebels in (1173), 136; country and people, 201, 203–205; its importance for England, 201; relations with Henry II., 203, 205; risings in, 58, 109, 220; submits, 230; proposal to give it to John, 233; restored to Richard, 247. _See_ Eleanor, Odo, Richard, William

_Aquitania_, i. 99, 454

Aragon, _see_ Alfonso, Ramirez, Petronilla

Arcelles, _see_ Saher

Archambald, brother of Sulpice of Amboise, i. 194

Architecture, English, in twelfth century, i. 55

Aremburg of Maine, betrothed to Geoffrey Martel II., i. 226; marries Fulk V., 232; dies, 245

Argentan, i. 373; ii. 79, 80

Aristotle, study of, in the middle ages, ii. 466, 467

Arles, _see_ Bertha, Burgundy, Provence, William

Armagh, synod at, ii. 105. _See_ Malachi

Arms, Assize of, ii. 177, 178

Arnold, count of Aerschot, i. 362

Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, i. 500; persuades Henry II. to acknowledge Pope Alexander, 501; advises Henry to appeal against Thomas, ii. 65; rebels, 140

Arques, i. 342; ii. 405, 406, 425

Arthur, King, i. 33; Henry II.’s correspondence with, ii. 57 note 2{226}, 447; invention and translation of, 447, 448; romances of, 448, 449

Arthur, son of Geoffrey and Constance of Britanny, born, ii. 245; recognized by Richard as his heir, 295; in custody of Philip, 370; joins Richard, 374; acknowledged in Anjou, Touraine and Maine, 389; does homage to Philip, 390; quarrels with Philip and goes to John, 394; flies, 395; does homage to John, 397; knighted, 404; meets the Lusignans at Tours, 405; besieges Mirebeau, 406; captured, _ib._; imprisoned, 407; death, 408, 429, 430; its consequences, 409

Arundel, i. 10, 309. _See_ William

Assize of Arms, ii. 177, 178; of Clarendon, 122, 123; of the Forest, 177; Great, 122; Henry Fitz-Aylwine’s, 485; of Measures, 348; of _Mort d’ancester_, 172; of Northampton, 172, 173; later developements, 338–340

Aubigny, _see_ William

Aubrey de Vere, i. 305

Augustinians, _see_ Canons

_Aulerci Cenomanni_, i. 201, 202

Aumale, _see_ William

Austin canons, _see_ Canons

Austria, _see_ Leopold

Autun, _see_ Lambert

Auvergne, its feudal relations, ii. 202, 203; attacked by Philip, 252; Richard gives up his claims upon, 361

Auxerre, Thomas Becket studies at, i. 379

Avesgaud, bishop of Le Mans, i. 159 note 4{343}, 204, 205

Avice of Gloucester betrothed to John Lackland, ii. 184; married, 282; divorced, 398

Avranches, ii. 81

Axholm, ii. 152, 155

Azay, conference at, ii. 263

Baggamore, i. 291

“Baille-hache,” i. 353, 354

Bailleul, _see_ Bernard, Jocelyn

Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, i. 246

Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239

Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239, 247

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, takes the cross, ii. 248; preaches the crusade in Wales, 249; opposes John’s marriage, 282; dies, 296, 297; his proposed college, 437

Baldwin, count of Flanders, i. 235

Baldwin of Clare, i. 318, 320

Baldwin of Redvers, i. 284

Balliol, _see_ Bernard, Jocelyn

Ballon, ii. 394

Bamborough, i. 288

Bar, i. 167

Barcelona, county of, i. 462. _See_ Raymond-Berengar

Barnwell priory, ii. 463

Barri, _see_ Gerald, William

Bartholomew, bishop of Exeter, i. 506

Bath, i. 35, 296. _See_ Adelard

Bayeux, i. 11, 307. _See_ Ralf

Baynard’s Castle, i. 44

Beauchamp, _see_ Miles

Beaugency, council at, i. 392

Beaulieu abbey (Hants), ii. 400

Beaulieu abbey (Touraine), i. 154, 155, 168

Beaumont, _see_ Hermengard

Beauvais, council at, i. 502

Becket, _see_ Gilbert, Rohesia, Thomas

Bedford, i. 320

Bela III., king of Hungary, marries Margaret of France, ii. 235

Bellême, house of, i. 204. _See_ Robert

Benedictines contrasted with the Cistercians, i. 73

“Bene-work,” i. 57

Berengaria of Navarre, wife of Richard I., ii. 295, 296

Bermondsey, council at, i. 427

Bernard, S., abbot of Clairvaux, i. 70, 72; his influence, 359; relations with Rome, 360, 361; with S. Malachi, ii. 94; plans for England, i. 364; pleads for Gerald of Montreuil, 388; recommends John of Salisbury to Abp. Theobald, 483; death, 400

Bernard de Balliol, ii. 145, 161

Berry, its feudal relations, ii. 202; war in, 245, 251, 252

Bertha of Arles, widow of Odo I. of Blois, marries King Robert, i. 149; separated, _ib._

Bertha, daughter of Odo of Blois, wife of Alan of Britanny, i. 205; of Hugh II. of Maine, 206

Bertha, daughter of Conan III. of Britanny, i. 449

Bertrada of Montfort, marries Fulk Rechin, i. 223, 224; elopes with King Philip, 224; suspected of contriving her stepson’s death, 228; her policy, 232

Bertrand de Born, ii. 204, 205; stirs up revolt in Aquitaine, 209, 220, 366; his _sirvente_ for Toulouse, 211, 212; sets the young king against Richard, 222; submits, 231; enters a monastery, 371

Bertrand, count of Toulouse and Tripoli, i. 455

Beverley, i. 30, 37, 38. _See_ Alfred

Béziers, _see_ Raymond

Bigod, _see_ Hugh

Biota of Maine, i. 217, 218, 254

Bishops, English, their political position, i. 20; appeal against Thomas, ii. 67. _See_ Church

Blanche of Castille, daughter of Alfonso and Eleanor, ii. 395, 397

Blanche, _see_ Adelaide

Blanchelande, i. 223, 257

Bloet, _see_ Robert

Blois, counts of, their rivalry with Anjou, i. 145, 150, 188; their character, 150. _See_ Adela, Bertha, Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald, William

Blondel, ii. 324

Bodmin, gild at, ii. 469

“Bogis,” Peter, ii. 421, 422

Bohun, _see_ Humfrey

Bologna, university of, ii. 460; S. Thomas at, i. 379

Bonmoulins, conference at, ii. 254, 255

Bonneville, i. 307; council at, ii. 157

“Boon-work,” i. 57

Bordeaux, _see_ William

Born, _see_ Bertrand

Bosham, _see_ Herbert

Boulogne, _see_ Matilda, Matthew, Mary, William

Bourbon, _see_ Hermengard

Bourges, its feudal relations, ii. 202

Bourgthéroulde, battle of, i. 241

Brabantines, ii. 223

Breakspear, _see_ Nicolas

Breffny, ii. 97

Brenneville, battle of, i. 237

Brian Boroimhe, king of Munster, ii. 85

Brian Fitz-Count, i. 243, 328, 396; his “book,” 369

Bridgenorth, sieges of, i. 10, 429, 430

Brissarthe, i. 103

Bristol, i. 33, 34, 295, 296; its slave-trade, 35, ii. 87; Stephen’s attempt on, i. 296, 297; ill-doings of its garrison, 297; Dermot of Leinster at, ii. 98, 99; Henry II.’s charters to, 118

Britanny, i. 99; its extent under Herispoë, 102 note 1{236}, 130; civil wars in, 115; Geoffrey Martel’s dealings with, 211, 212; claimed by Eudo of Porhoët and Conan of Richmond, 449; granted by Henry II. to Conan, 451; Henry’s designs on, 452, 453; conquered by Henry, ii. 57, 58; rebels in (1173), 137; barons of, appeal to Philip against John, 408. _See_ Alan, Arthur, Conan, Constance, Eleanor, Geoffrey, Herispoë, Hoel, Juhel, Nomenoë, Odo, Solomon

Broc, _see_ Ralf

Bruce, _see_ Adam, Robert

Brulon, _see_ Geoffrey

Burchard, count of Vendôme, i. 149, 189

Burgundy, kingdom of, granted to Richard I., ii. 331. _See_ Hugh, Robert, Rudolf.

Cadoc, ii. 416, 421, 425

Cadwallader, brother of Owen of North Wales, i. 435

Caen, surrendered to Henry I., i. 11; to Geoffrey Plantagenet, 307; to Philip, ii. 424; hospital, i. 471; ii. 198; palace, ii. 196, 197. _See_ Robert

_Cæsarodunum_, _see_ Tours

Cahors, i. 464, 466

Calixtus II., Pope, i. 237

Cambridge, ii. 462, 463

Camville, _see_ Gerard

Candé, i. 228

Canons, Austin or Augustinian, their origin, i. 64, 65; character, 43, 66, 357; in England, 66–69. _See_ Aldgate, Barnwell, Carlisle, Chiche, Kirkham, Nostell, Oseney, Oxford, Smithfield

Canons, White, i. 357

Canon law, its effects in England, ii. 18

Canterbury, canons of Laon visit, i. 30; plot to kill Henry Fitz-Empress at, 403; Thomas elected at, ii. 3; privilege of the archbishop to crown the king, 62; S. Thomas slain at, 79; Henry II.’s penance at, 159; Louis VII. at, 216; Philip of Flanders at, 235; Richard at, 328; John crowned at, 400. _See_ Anselm, Baldwin, Geoffrey, Hubert, John, Ralf, Richard, Roger, Theobald, Thomas, Walter, William

Capua, _see_ Peter

_Caputii_, ii. 223, 224

Carcassonne, _see_ Raymond Trencavel

Carham, i. 286, 287, 292. _See_ Wark

Carlisle, i. 36, 37; S. Godric at, 76; council at, 300; Henry Fitz-Empress knighted at, 377; meeting of Henry and Malcolm IV. at, 462; besieged by William the Lion, ii. 153, 154; meeting of William and Henry at, 237; earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282; claimed by Ralf of Chester, 314; see of, 37, 69

Carrick, ii. 109, 111

Carthusians, ii. 435, 436 note 1{2171}

Carucage of 1194, ii. 328, 329, 342; the Great, 352–354

Carucate, ii. 352

Cashel, metropolis of Munster, ii. 94; council at, 115

Castille, _see_ Alfonso, Blanche, Constance, Eleanor

Castle Cary, i. 295, 298

Celestine II., Pope, i. 355, 356

Celestine III., Pope, ii. 303, 304, 312, 351

Celle, _see_ Peter

_Cenomanni_ (_Aulerci_), i. 201, 202

Cenomannia, _see_ Maine

Châlus, ii. 382, 385

Champagne, _see_ Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald

Chancellor, the, his office, i. 22, 419. _See_ Geoffrey, Matthew, Nigel, Ralf, Robert, Roger, Waldric, William

Charles the Bald, Emperor, i. 99, 102, 103, 105

Charles the Fat, king of West-Frankland and Emperor, i. 104

Charles the Simple, king of West-Frankland, i. 104

Charter of Henry I., i. 8; Henry II., 427; Stephen, 279, 284

Chartres, _see_ Blois

Château-Gaillard, ii. 375–380; siege, 416–423; John’s buildings at, 413, 421, 422

Châteaudun, i. 156. _See_ Landry

Châteaulandon, _see_ Gâtinais

Château-du-Loir, i. 390. _See_ Gervase

Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe, i. 267

Châteauneuf, _see_ Tours

Châteauroux, ii. 211, 213, 245, 251

Châtillon, conference at, ii. 253

Chaumont-sur-Loire, i. 272 note 1{662}, 471

Chef-Boutonne, battle of, i. 215, 252, 253

Cherbourg, siege of, i. 340

Chester, i. 36; its slave-trade, _ib._, ii. 87; meeting of Henry II. and Malcolm IV. at, i. 438; privileges granted to its burghers at Dublin, ii. 484; earldom of, its peculiar character, i. 313, 314. _See_ Hugh, Ralf

Chiche, priory of S. Osyth at, i. 68, 80

Chichester, _see_ Hilary

Chinon won by Fulk Nerra, i. 167; Geoffrey the Bearded imprisoned at, 221; bequeathed to Geoffrey Plantagenet II., 394, 444; councils at, ii. 58, 64; Henry II.’s buildings at, 197, 200; treasury at, plundered by Richard, 246; Henry II. at, 263, 267; given up to John, 388, 395; taken by Philip, 426

Chouzy, conference at, ii. 13

Christchurch or Twinham, i. 32

Chrodegang of Metz, rule of, i. 65

Chronicle, English, i. 81, 82

Church, English, under Henry I., i. 63; the Augustinian revival, 64–69; the Cistercian revival, 69–74; new sees, 68, 69; its national character, 80; political position of the bishops, 20; condition during the anarchy, 347–360; relations with Rome, 378; position at accession of Henry II., 474; vacant sees (1161), 503; Henry’s schemes of reform, ii. 17–20; question of the “two swords,” _ib._ 22, 23; quarrel of Henry and Thomas, its effects, 46–50; course of the revival after Theobald’s death, 432; condition in Henry II.’s later years, 433–438. _See_ Clergy

Church, Irish, its early glory, ii. 82, 86; condition in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 91–93; settlement at Synod of Kells, 94; submits to Henry II., 115

Circuits, _see_ Justices

Cirencester, i. 330, 333

Cistercians or White Monks, their origin, i. 69, 70; in England, 71; work and influence, 74, 358, 359; quarrel with John, ii. 396, 399, 400; fall, 434, 435. _See_ Cîteaux, Clairvaux, Fountains, Newminster, Pontigny, Rievaux, Tintern, Waverley

Cîteaux, i. 70

Clairvaux (abbey), i. 70; ii. 70, 94

Clairvaux (castle), ii. 222, 224

Clare, _see_ Baldwin, Gilbert, Isabel, Richard, Roger, Walter

Clarendon, council of, ii. 25–28, 44, 45; Constitutions of, 26, 27; condemned by the Pope, 42; Assize of, 46, 122, 123

Cleobury, i. 429

Clergy, their position under Henry I., i. 63, 64; regular and secular, 64, 65; attitude in the civil war, 321; criminal clerks, ii. 19. _See_ Church

Clerkenwell, council at, ii. 241

Clontarf, battle of, ii. 85

Cogan, _see_ Miles

Coinage, debasement under Stephen, i. 293; new, in 1149, 402 note 1{1204}; in 1158, 453

Colechurch, _see_ Peter

Cöln, gildhall of its citizens in London, ii. 485. _See_ Reginald

Colombières, conference at, ii. 265, 266

Commune of Le Mans, i. 222; Gloucester, ii. 469; London, 309, 310, 344; York, 469

Conan the Crooked, count of Rennes and duke of Britanny, i. 121; his war with Geoffrey Greygown, 122, 137–139; with Fulk the Black, 146–148

Conan II., duke of Britanny, i. 211, 212, 220

Conan III., duke of Britanny, i. 449

Conan, earl of Richmond, claims Britanny, i. 449; duke, 451; dies, ii. 80

Conquereux, first battle of, i. 122, 138; second, 147, 148

Connaught invaded by Miles Cogan, ii. 184. _See_ Roderic, Terence

Conrad III., Emperor, i. 361

Conrad, marquis of Montferrat, ii. 320, 321

Consilt, battle of, i. 436

Constables, _see_ Henry, Humfrey

Constance of Arles, wife of Robert I. of France, i. 155; her parents, 190, 192; her policy, 160, 164

Constance of Britanny, daughter of Conan IV., betrothed to Geoffrey, son of Henry II., ii. 57; married, 233; marries Ralf of Chester, 369; imprisoned, 370; joins Arthur in Anjou, 389; does homage to Philip, 390; marries Guy of Thouars, 395; dies, 404, note 4{2050}

Constance of Castille, second wife of Louis VII. of France, i. 446, 468

Constance of France, daughter of Louis VI., betrothed to Stephen’s son Eustace, i. 384; marries him, 394; marries Raymond V. of Toulouse, 458

Constance, heiress of Sicily, ii. 319

Constantine, Donation of, ii. 95

Constitutions of Clarendon, ii. 26, 27; condemned by the Pope, 42

Corbeil, _see_ William

Cork, its origin, ii. 83. _See_ Dermot

Cornwall, _see_ Reginald, William

Coroners, their origin, ii. 338, 339

Councils, _see_ Argentan, Armagh, Beaugency, Beauvais, Bermondsey, Bonneville, Carlisle, Cashel, Clarendon, Clerkenwell, Chinon, Geddington, Gloucester, Inispatrick, Kells, Lisieux, London, Neufmarché, Northampton, Nottingham, Oxford, Pavia, Pipewell, Poitiers, Rathbreasil, Tours, Wallingford, Westminster, Woodstock, Würzburg, York

Council, the Great, its character, i. 20

Courcy, _see_ John, William

Coutances, _see_ Walter

Coventry, _see_ Hugh

Cowton Moor, i. 289

Cricklade, i. 335

Cross, S., _see_ Winchester

Crowmarsh, i. 336, 396

Crown, pleas of the, ii. 337

Crusade, the second, i. 361–363; in Spain, proposed by Louis VII. and Henry II., 453, 497; the third, ii. 318–321

_Curia Regis_, _see_ King’s Court

Customs, “paternal,” i. 16; royal, ii. 22, 26, 27; of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, i. 37

Cyprus, ii. 317, 321

Danegeld, i. 25; abolished, ii. 16, 44

David I., king of Scots, i. 95; invades England, 282, 286, 287, 288; defeated at Cowton Moor, 289–291; treaties with Stephen, 282, 300; joins the Empress in London, 323; escapes from Winchester, 328; knights Henry Fitz-Empress, 377; dies, 399

David, prince of North-Wales, marries Henry II.’s sister Emma, ii. 181

David, bishop of S. David’s, ii. 454

David, brother of William of Scotland, ii. 140, 153; claims on Huntingdon and Northampton, 154

David or Hugh, count of Maine, i. 124, 140

David’s, S., bishops of, _see_ David, Peter

Defensor of Le Mans, i. 202

Denis, S., _see_ Suger

Denmark, _see_ Ingebiorg

Déols, ii. 211

Dermot Mac-Carthy, king of Cork or South Munster, ii. 114

Dermot Mac-Maelnambo, king of Leinster, ii. 87, 88

Dermot Mac-Murrough, king of Leinster, ii. 97; seeks aid of Henry II., 98; returns to Ireland, 100; successes in Ossory etc., 102; summons Richard of Striguil, 103; dies, 106

Dervorgil, wife of Tighernan O’Ruark, ii. 97

Devizes, i. 304, 321, 330

_Dialogus de Scaccario_, i. 26

Diceto, _see_ Ralf

Dinan, _see_ Joceas

Dodo, bishop of Angers, i. 109, 133

Dol, ii. 148

Domfront, i. 6, 208, 209

Donatus, bishop of Dublin, ii. 87

Doncaster, earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282

Donell O’Brien, king of Limerick or North Munster, ii. 102, 103, 109, 111, 114

Donell O’Lochlainn, king of Aileach, ii. 90

Donell Kavanagh, ii. 109, 112

Dorchester, _see_ Remigius

Dover, i. 295, 299; chief mart of the wool trade, 52; Geoffrey of York arrested at, ii. 305, 306. _See_ Simon, William

Drausius, S., ii. 65

Dress, English, in twelfth century, i. 56

Dreux, _see_ Robert

Drogo of Nantes, son of Alan Barbetorte, i. 115, 116

Dublin, its origin, ii. 83; metropolis of Leinster, 94; taken by Dermot etc., 105; attacked by wikings, 106; blockaded by Roderic O’Conor, 109; Henry II. at, 114, 115; colonized by Henry, 118; privileges of the Chester merchants at, 484. _See_ Donatus, Godred, Gregory, Laurence, Patrick

Dudley, i. 295, 298

Dulcia of Gévaudan, i. 463

Dunstan, S., lives of, i. 80

Dunster, i. 295

Durham, S. Godric at, i. 77; cathedral, 80; treaty made at, 300; customs of the bishop’s estates in 1183, ii. 478–480. _See_ Hugh, Ralf, Simeon, William

Eadgyth or Edith, S., i. 33

Eadgyth, _see_ Matilda

Eadmer, i. 80, 88

Eadward the Confessor, king of England, his prophecy, i. 1; his laws demanded by the citizens of London, 324

Eadwulf, prior of Nostell and confessor to Henry I., i. 68; bishop of Carlisle, 69

Ealdhelm, S., i. 84, 86, 90; life by Faricius, 81

Earldoms created by Stephen, i. 293

Edith, _see_ Eadgyth

Edmund’s, S., Henry II. at, i. 430; massacre of Jews at, ii. 289; its customs, 473, 474; merchant-gild, 481; dispute with Ely, 482, 483

Eleanor of Aquitaine, daughter of William IX., marries Louis VII. of France, i. 383; divorced, 392; marries Henry, 393; claims on Toulouse, 457, 458; attempt to divorce her from Henry, ii. 61; turns against him, 129; imprisoned, 135; Richard gives up Aquitaine to, 235; regent for Richard, 273, 282; arranges his marriage, 295, 296; negotiates at Rome, 303; returns to England, 314; ravages Anjou, and does homage to Philip, 390; goes to Spain, 396; retires to Fontevraud, 405; besieged in Mirebeau, 406; dies, 426

Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., marries Alfonso of Castille, ii. 60, 189

Eleanor of Britanny, daughter of Geoffrey and Constance, ii. 244, 325, 371

Elias, count of Maine, i. 224, 225; war with William Rufus, 225, 226; Le Mans surrendered to, 227; relations with Henry I., 11, 227, 233; marriages, 255; death, 233

Elias of Anjou, son of Fulk V., i. 343

Elias of Saint-Saëns, i. 235

Elizabeth of Hainaut, first wife of Philip Augustus, ii. 217, 234, note 7{1115}

Elizabeth of Vendôme, first wife of Fulk Nerra, i. 152

Ely, see of, founded, i. 68; quarrel with S. Edmund’s, ii. 482, 483. _See_ Geoffrey, Nigel

Emma, daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, ii. 181

Emperors, _see_ Charles, Conrad, Frederic, Henry, Otto

Engelram of Trie, i. 467

England under the Angevins, i. 1–3; relations with Rome, 15; with Normandy, 23, 24; invaded by Robert Curthose, 9; journey of canons of Laon in, 30–35; its peace under Henry I., 48; Flemings settle in, 52; town life in twelfth century, 54, 55; rural life, 56–62; revival under Henry I., 64–95; religious revival during the anarchy, 356–358; effects of the second Crusade, 362; rebels in (1173), ii. 138, 139; loyal barons in, 144, 145; rebel castles in the north, 152; royal strongholds, 153; condition of rural population under the Angevins, 473–480; fusion of races, 489; growth of national feeling, 489. _See_ Church, Literature, Towns, Trade. _See also_ Eadward, Eleanor, Henry, John, Jane, Matilda, Richard, Stephen, William

“English” and “French,” i. 24

“English” and “Normans,” different meanings of, i. 23, 24

English and Normans, fusion of, i. 24, 48, 49; ii. 489, 490

Englishry, presentment of, abolished, ii. 489

Essex, _see_ Geoffrey, Henry, William

Este, _see_ Hugh

Euclid, Adelard of Bath’s version of, ii. 95

Eudo, count of Porhoët, i. 449

Eugene III., Pope, i. 361; deposes S. William and consecrates Henry Murdac, 366; suspends Henry of Winchester and threatens Stephen, 368; makes Abp. Theobald legate, 380; forbids the crowning of Eustace, 391; dies, 400

Eustace, son of Stephen, king of England, does homage to Louis VI. for Normandy, i. 286; knighted, 377; goes to York, 380; his prospects, 382; goes to France, 383; betrothed to Constance, 384; attacks Normandy, 385; receives homage, 391; proposal to crown him, _ib._; marriage, 394; character, 398; death, 399

Eustace Fitz-John, i. 72, 288

Eva, daughter of Dermot Mac-Murrough, ii. 104

Evreux ceded to Henry I., i. 11, 62; betrayed to Almeric of Montfort, 236; fired by Henry I., _ib._, 237; granted to Almeric, 238; taken by Philip Augustus, ii. 389; ceded to him, 396. _See_ Simon

Exchequer, court of, i. 21; organization under Bishop Roger, 25–27; headquarters, 31; Black Book of, ii. 125; the Norman Exchequer, 194, 197

Exeter, i. 32, 284. _See_ Bartholomew

Eynesford, _see_ William

Falaise besieged by Henry I., i. 11; attacked by Geoffrey Plantagenet, 307; submits, 338; treaties at, ii. 165, 166; Arthur imprisoned at, 407; submits to Philip, 424

Faricius, abbot of Abingdon, i. 68 note 1{187}, 81

Farringdon, i. 335

Faye, _see_ Ralf

Ferm of the shire, i. 25; of towns, 29

Ferrers, _see_ Robert

Ferté-Bernard, La, conference at, ii. 257

Finchale, i. 77, 78

Fitz-Alan, _see_ William

Fitz-Aldhelm, _see_ William

Fitz-Aylwine, _see_ Henry

Fitz-Count, _see_ Brian, Richard

Fitz-David, _see_ Miles

Fitz-Duncan, _see_ William

Fitz-Gerald, _see_ Maurice

Fitz-John, _see_ Eustace, William

Fitz-Osbert, _see_ William

Fitz-Peter, _see_ Geoffrey, Simon

Fitz-Ralf, _see_ William

Fitz-Stephen, _see_ Robert, William

Fitz-Urse, _see_ Reginald

Flambard, _see_ Ralf

Flanders granted to William the Clito, i. 243; trade with England, 30, 51, 52. _See_ Baldwin, Matthew, Philip, Theodoric

Flèche, La, i. 222, 223, 256, 257

Flemings, their settlements in England and Wales, i. 52, 53; in England under Stephen, 285; plot to kill Henry, 403; expelled, 427; land in Suffolk, ii. 155; at Hartlepool, 162

Fleury, abbey, i. 112

Florence, S., of Saumur, i. 162

Florence of Worcester, i. 82, 88, 89, 90

Foliot, _see_ Gilbert

Folkmoot of London, i. 45

Fontevraud, i. 248; Henry II. buried at, ii. 270–272; Richard buried at, ii. 386; Eleanor at, 385, 405

Forest, assizes of, i. 285; ii. 171, 177, 356

Fornham, battle at, ii. 150

Foss-Dyke, i. 40

Foss-Way, i. 38

Fougères, _see_ Ralf

Fountains abbey, i. 71–73; burnt, 366

France, duchy of, _see_ French

France, kingdom of, character of its early history, i. 144; condition under Hugh Capet, 145; under Louis VI., 230; relations with Normandy, 24, 111; with Toulouse, 457, 458; with Rome, 501, 502; union with Aquitaine, 383; its developement, ii. 357–361. _See_ Adela, Constance, Henry, Hugh, Louis, Margaret, Mary, Odo, Philip, Robert

Frankland, West, northmen in, i. 100. _See_ Charles, Lothar, Louis, Odo, Robert, Rudolf

Frederic Barbarossa, Emperor, supports antipope Victor IV., i. 498; relations with Henry II., 499; ii. 55, 60, 238; banishes Henry the Lion, 238, 257; takes the cross, 256; dies, 318

French, dukes of the, extent of their duchy, i. 103, 105; underfiefs, 105; claims upon Maine, 124. _See_ Hugh, Odo, Robert

“French and English,” i. 24

Fréteval, ii. 73, 366

Fritheswith or Frideswide, S., i. 43. _See_ Oxford

Fulk the Red, first count of Anjou, i. 106; his neighbours, 109; political position, 109, 110; marriage, 110; death, 113; chronology of his life, 128, 129, 132

Fulk II. the Good, count of Anjou, i. 113; his rule, 113, 115; canon of S. Martin’s, 114; letter to Louis IV., _ib._; marriages, 116; claims upon Nantes, _ib._; death, 117; vision of S. Martin, 118; prophecy made to, _ib._; its fulfilment, ii. 187, 373

Fulk III., the Black, count of Anjou, his mother, i. 136; surnames, 143, note 2{294}; character, 144; significance of his life, 145, 146, 169; war with Conan of Rennes, 146, 147; regains Anjou west of Mayenne, 148; attacks Blois, 149; rivalry with Odo II., 150; castle-building, 151; seizure of the water-ways, 151–152; first marriage, 152; first pilgrimage, 153, 192; founds Beaulieu abbey, 153–155; marries Hildegard, 154; second pilgrimage, 156, 192–195; his oath, 155; contrives the death of Hugh of Beauvais, _ib._; sacks Châteaudun, 156; alliance with Maine, _ib._; victory at Pontlevoy, 157, 158; subdues Hugh of Maine, 159; imprisons Herbert of Maine, _ib._; invested with Saintes, _ib._, 173; fortifies Montboyau, 161; takes Saumur, 162; besieges Montbazon, 163; treaty with Odo, _ib._; his policy and its success, 164; makes peace between Constance and her son, _ib._; joins King Henry’s expedition against Sens, _ib._; his home, 165; buildings at Angers, _ib._; third pilgrimage, 166, 195, 196; rebellion of his son, 166, 195; wins Chinon, 167; fourth pilgrimage, 167, 168; quarrels with his son, 172, 175; death, 168; his tomb, _ib._; his work, 169, 188

Fulk IV. Rechin, son of Geoffrey of Gâtinais and Hermengard of Anjou, invested with Saintonge, i. 214; his character, 219; intrigues against his brother, _ib._; wins Saumur and Angers, 220; captures Geoffrey, _ib._; does homage for Touraine, 221; cedes Gâtinais to France, _ib._; his rule, _ib._; drives Geoffrey of Mayenne from Le Mans, 222; besieges La Flèche, _ib._, 223, 257; receives Robert’s homage for Maine, 223; his marriages, 224; excommunicated, _ib._; absolved, 225; quarrels with his eldest son, 227, 228; dies, 229; his reign and its results, _ib._; his Angevin history, 127

Fulk V., count of Anjou, i. 229; character and policy, 231, 232; marries Aremburg, 232; quarrel with Henry I. and alliance with France, 233; homage to Henry, 234; revolt of the burghers against, _ib._; joins league against Henry, 235; wins Alençon, 236; treaty with Henry, _ib._; goes to Jerusalem, 238; quarrel with Henry, 240; offers Maine to Clito, _ib._; imprisons the legate’s envoys, 242; marries Melisenda and becomes king of Jerusalem, 246–248; dies, 361

Fulk the Gosling, count of Vendôme, i. 214

Gaimar, _see_ Geoffrey

Galloway, ii. 164, 179, 237

Gandrea, wife of Theobald III. of Blois, i. 255, 256

Gascony, Richard’s campaign in, ii. 214; revolt in, 316. _See_ Guy-Geoffrey, Odo

Gatian, S., bishop of Tours, i. 179

Gâtinais, county of, i. 129; ceded to France, 221; counts, 249, 250

Gaubert of Mantes, ii. 415

Geddington, council at, ii. 249

Gelduin of Saumur, i. 161, 162

Geoffrey I. Greygown, count of Anjou, i. 118; his character, 119; joins invasion of Lorraine, 120; his marriages, 121, 134–136; relations with Britanny, 121, 122, 137–139; with Maine, 124, 140–142; war with Poitou, 123, 137, 139; wins Loudun, 123, 124, 139; founds church of our Lady at Loches, 153; dies at siege of Marson, 125

Geoffrey II. Martel, son of Fulk the Black, born, i. 154; nursed at Loches, _ib._; count of Vendôme, 172; quarrel with Fulk, _ib._, 175; marries Agnes, 136, 174, 197, 199; war with Poitou, 173–175; wins Saintonge, 174; rebels, 166, 195, 196; count of Anjou, 169; his character, 170–172; invested with Tours, 178; besieges it, 184; victory at Montlouis, 186; treaty with Theobald, 187; its significance, 188; advocate of see of Le Mans, 205; imprisons Bp. Gervase, 206; master of Maine, _ib._; excommunicated, _ib._; revolts, 207; wins Alençon and Domfront, 208; challenges William and retires, 209; war with Aquitaine, 210; besieges Ambrières, 211; dealings with Nantes, 211, 212; marries Grecia, 212; blockaded in Saumur, 213; joins invasion of Normandy, _ib._, 214; loses Vendôme, 214; dies, _ib._; break-up of his dominions, 215; dispute over them, 218; his heirs, 251–252

Geoffrey III. the Bearded, count of Anjou, i. 214; victory at Chef-Boutonne, 215, 252, 253; receives Robert’s homage for Maine, 217; wrongs Marmoutier, 220; captured by Fulk, _ib._; imprisoned at Chinon, 221; released and dies, 228

Geoffrey Martel II. of Anjou, son of Fulk Rechin, betrothed to Aremburg of Maine, i. 226; joins Henry I., 11; quarrel with Fulk, 227, 228; slain, 228

Geoffrey V. Plantagenet, son of Fulk V. and Aremburg, knighted by Henry I., i. 244; marriage, _ib._, 258–260; his person and character, 261–265; quarrels with his wife, 266; with Henry, 269, 270; invades Normandy, 281, 306, 307; revolts against, 266, 267, 306, 343, 384; summoned to England, 330; treaty with Theobald, 337; conquers Normandy, 338–342; recalls his son, 343; challenge to Stephen, 369; cedes Normandy to his son, _ib._, 377; his siege of Montreuil, 384, 386; treatment of Gerald, 387; cedes the Vexin to Louis, 388; death, 389, 390; burial, 390; will, 444

Geoffrey of Anjou, second son of Geoffrey and Matilda, born, i. 373; seeks to marry Eleanor, 393; rebels against Henry, 394, 395, 444, 445; count of Nantes, 449; dies, _ib._

Geoffrey I., duke of Britanny, i. 137, 148

Geoffrey, fourth son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 453; acknowledged heir to Britanny, ii. 58; duke, 80; revolts, 135; knighted, 214; joins young Henry, 225; submits, 232; marries Constance, 233; dies, 243

Geoffrey, son of Henry II., bishop-elect of Lincoln, ii., 155; takes Kinardferry etc., _ib._; chancellor, 245; secures castles of Anjou, 256; with Henry at Le Mans, 258, 259, 260; at La Frênaye, 262; goes to Alençon, _ib._; rejoins Henry, 263; his devotion to Henry, 268; appointed archbishop of York, 274, 278, 302; early life, 301, 302; character, 304; consecrated, 305; returns to England, _ib._; arrested, _ib._; released, 306; joins John, 307; enthroned, 313; quarrel with Hugh of Durham, _ib._, 316; buys sheriffdom of Yorkshire, 330; driven from England, 335; redeems the Lincoln church-plate, 487

Geoffrey (Alberic), count of Gâtinais, marries Hermengard of Anjou, i. 214, 249, 250

Geoffrey of Brulon, ii. 259

Geoffrey of Chaumont, i. 272, note 1{662}

Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, justiciar, ii. 355, 356; earl of Essex, 393

Geoffrey Gaimar, ii. 446

Geoffrey of Lusignan, ii. 59 note 1{235}, 136, 250, 405

Geoffrey of Mandeville, i. 334, 335

Geoffrey de Mandeville, earl of Essex, ii. 124

Geoffrey of Mayenne, i. 211; holds Le Mans for Walter of Mantes, 218; submits to William, _ib._; revolts, 221, 222, 224

Geoffrey of Monmouth, ii. 445, 448

Geoffrey of Rancogne, ii. 214, 250, 367

Geoffrey Ridel, archdeacon of Canterbury, ii. 30, 77; vice-chancellor, 142; bishop of Ely, 176; dies, 277

Geoffrey Talbot, i. 294, 296

Gerald de Barri (“Giraldus Cambrensis”), ii. 452–460

Gerald of Montreuil-Bellay, i. 384, 385, 386, 388

Geraldines, the, ii. 108, 183

Gerard de Camville, ii. 280, 298, 299, 300, 329

Gerard la Pucelle, ii. 449

Gerberga, wife of Fulk the Good, i. 116, note 1{258}

Germany, English trade with, under the Angevins, ii. 484, 485

Gersendis of Maine, i. 221, 254–256

Gervase of Château-du-Loir, bishop of Le Mans, i. 205; imprisoned by Geoffrey Martel, 206; released, _ib._; archbishop of Reims, 207

_Gesta Consulum Andegavensium_, its authorship and character, i. 126, 127

Gévaudan, _see_ Dulcia

Gilbert of Sempringham, S., i. 359, 360

Gilbert Becket, i. 50

Gilbert Foliot, abbot of Gloucester, i. 369, 370, 493; bishop of Hereford, 371, 495; his earlier history, 492, 493; career as abbot, 494, 495; relations with Abp. Theobald and with Henry II., 495, 496; with Roger of Pont-l’Evêque, 478, 479; character, 496, 497; remarks on Thomas’s election, ii. 3, 6; translated to London, 13, 14; relations with Thomas, 13, 31, 49; at council of Northampton, 35, 36, 37, 39; his attitude in the Becket quarrel, 47–49; his share in the bishops’ appeal, 67; excommunicated, 70; denies the primate’s jurisdiction, _ib._; absolved, 72; dies, 277

Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, ii. 92; legate in Ireland, _ib._, 93

Gilbert de Clare, earl of Pembroke, i. 377, 395, 396; ii. 99

Gilds, i. 29; under Henry II. and Richard, ii. 469, 470; leather-sellers’, i. 30; merchant, i. 29, 36, 40, 43; ii. 481; weavers’, i. 30, 52; ii. 481

Gildhall, i. 129; of German merchants, ii. 485

Gilles, St., _see_ Raymond

Giraldus Cambrensis, _see_ Gerald

Gisors, i. 231, 234, 343; meeting of Henry I. and Pope Calixtus at, 237, 238; of Louis VII. and Henry II. at, ii. 148, 165; claimed by Philip, 232, 236

Glanville, _see_ Hervey, Ralf

Glastonbury, invention of Arthur at, ii. 447, 448

Gleeman, the, i. 90

Gloucester, i. 35, 36; abbey and city, 493, 494; council at, ii. 170; commune at, 469. _See_ Avice, Gilbert, Miles, Philip, Robert, William

Godfrey de Lucy, bishop of Winchester, ii. 277, 288

Godfrey, abbot of Malmesbury, i. 84, 85

Godred, king of Dublin, ii. 88

Godric, S., i. 74–79

“Goliath, Bishop,” ii. 452

Gouleton, ii. 396, 402

Gournay, ii. 403. _See_ Hugh

Graçay, ii. 213, 361

Grandmesnil, _see_ Ivo, Petronilla

Grandmont, ii. 58, 226; order of, 435

Gratian, his work on canon law, i. 378

Grecia of Montreuil, second wife of Geoffrey Martel, i. 212

Gregory, archbishop of Dublin, ii. 94

Gregory, bishop of Tours, i. 181

Gué-St.-Rémy, ii. 244

Guerech, bishop and count of Nantes, i. 121, 122, 146

Guimund, prior of S. Frideswide’s, Oxford, i. 43

“Guirribecs,” i. 306

Guy of Anjou (son of Fulk the Red), bishop of Soissons, i. 112, 113

Guy of Anjou, son of Fulk the Good, i. 119

Guy of Crema, _see_ Paschal

Guy, viscount of Limoges, ii. 407

Guy of Lusignan, ii. 59 note 1{235}, 136; king of Jerusalem, 247; Cyprus, 317, 321; ally of Richard, 318, 320

Guy of Thouars, ii. 395, 424

Guy-Geoffrey, count of Gascony, i. 176, 212. _See_ William VII. of Aquitaine

Hackington, college at, ii. 437

Hainaut, _see_ Elizabeth

Hameline, earl of Warren, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, ii. 40, 144

Hamo de Massey, ii. 139

Hans-house, i. 29; at York, 36

Harding or Stephen, founder of Cîteaux, i. 69, 70

Harptree, i. 295, 298

Hasculf Thorgils’ son, ii. 105, 106

Hautefort, ii. 204, 231

Haye, La, _see_ Richard

Henry I., son of William the Conqueror, his early life, i. 4–6; character, 6, 7; election and coronation, 7; charter, 8; marriage, 1, 8, 9; treaty with Robert, 9; proceedings against traitors, 10; Norman campaigns, 11; victory at Tinchebray, 12, 13; policy, 13–15, 19; struggle with Anselm, 15–18; character of his reign, 19; his work, 19, 20; love of “foreigners,” 23; his ministers, _ib._; called “the Lion of Justice,” 26; charter to York, 30, 36; to Norwich, 41; London, 45, 46; palace at Woodstock, 44, 94; court at Oxford, 44; his “good peace,” 30 note 4{58}, 48, 95; settles Flemings in Pembroke, 52; dealings with the Church, 63; results, 64; founds see of Ely, 68; Carlisle, 69; revival of literature under, 80–95; relations with Maine, 227; with France, 230, 231; wars with France and Anjou, 233, 235; treaties with Fulk, 234, 236; victory at Brenneville, 237; meets Calixtus at Gisors, _ib._, 238; treaty with Louis, 238; wreck of his hopes, 239, 240; quarrel with Fulk, 240; quells revolt in Normandy, 241; alliance with Henry V., _ib._; proclaims Matilda his heiress, 243; last years, 268–270; death, 271; possible successors, 274–275; state of England after his death, 279; burial, 282; his court, 413