Part 15

[1760] Mentioned by Plato, _Alcibiades_, I, 107 E; Ph., 50; Pollux, III, 150; Suidas, _s. v._ ἀκροχειρίζεσθαι and _s. v._ Σώστρατος; Lucian, _Lexiphanes_, 5; _de Saltatione_, 10; Reisch, _ap._ Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1197; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 548; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 349-50; Krause, I, pp. 421 f., 510 f.; _J. H. S._, XXVI, pp. 13-15, where Gardiner discusses the word in ancient writers and concludes that it had nothing to do with wrestling, but only with boxing (both the separate event and part of the pankration), and meant “to spar lightly with an opponent for practice.”

[1761] He won three victories in Ols. (?) 104, (?) 105, and 106 (= 364-356 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359. This explanation of Pausanias has been accepted by Krause and most modern authorities, but is found untenable by Gardiner, who bases his interpretation, not on Pausanias, but on the accurate definition of Suidas.

[1762] _B. C. H._, VI, 1882, pp. 446 f.

[1763] He won in Ols. 81 and 82 (= 456 and 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 4.3; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59. He was probably merely represented in the preliminary tactics of getting a grip.

[1764] See Reisch, p. 46; _I. G. B._, 120.

[1765] _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, pp. 86 f. (Benndorf); Reisch, _l. c._

[1766] A. de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 63, no. 1067, and p. 131 (= pancratiast); _Rev. arch._, 1869, II, p. 292; Bulle, no. 96 (right); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 4. It is 0.275 meter high.

[1767] See _supra_, p. 167.

[1768] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 116 f. His reasoning is accepted by Bulle.

[1769] _Ges. Stud. zur Kunstgesch._, Festschr. fuer A. Springer, 1885, pp. 260.

[1770] See _S. Q._, 1463-67.

[1771] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 4-5; Textbd., pp. 212 f., and fig. 239; F. W., no. 336; _cf._ Immerwahr, _Kulte und Mythen Arkadiens_, I, 1891, p. 288.

[1772] _Archiv fuer lateinische Lexikographie u. Grammatik_, IX, 1894, 1, pp. 109 f.

[1773] _Mp._, p. 249, n. 2; _Mw._, pp. 451-2; he adduced two passages from Ovid’s _Met._, XIV, 402 (_saevisque parant incessere telis_), and XIII, 566-7 (_telorum lapidumque incessere iactu coepit_).

[1774] This explanation has been followed by Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, _l. c._; Sittl, _Parerga zur alten Kunstgesch._, p. 24; Klein, II, pp. 362 f.; Jex-Blake, p. 235; and others.

[1775] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _I. G. B._, 41. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1776] _Collection Somzée_, 1897, Pls. 3-5; see Hyde, to no. 50, on p. 8. Its quiet and reserved pose recalls that of the _Pelops_ of the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia (_Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2; Textbd., pp. 46 f.). Because of its archaic grace, though it shows no trace of archaic stiffness, it might even be referred to the school of Kritios and Nesiotes.

[1777] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 153; _I. G. B._, 29. He won the pankration in Ols. 87, 88, 89 (= 432-424 B. C.); P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 258, 260, 262.

[1778] VI, 2.1; to be discussed _infra_, Ch. VI, pp. 293 f.

[1779] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f. Agias was not only a victor at Delphi three times, at Nemea five times, and at the Isthmus five times, but was also an Olympic victor in the pankration, Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): see inscription, _B. C. H._, _l. c._, p. 593, and for the date of the Olympic victory, K. K. Smith, in _Class. Philol._, V, 1910, pp. 169 f.; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f.

[1780] Duetschke, III, no. 547; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 66; B. B., 431; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, I; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2176; M. W., I, XXXVI, 149; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, p. 19; Gardiner, p. 449, fig. 163. The group is 0.98 meter high and 0.71 meter broad (Duetschke).

[1781] Bulle dates it at the beginning of the third century B. C.; both he and Amelung believe it to be the work of a follower of Lysippos; see also B. Graef, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 119 f., who believes that the original heads of the group are preserved, the one still on the under pancratiast, the other on the statue of a Niobid in the Uffizi (Duetschke, III, no. 253), the head now on the upper pancratiast being a modern copy of it. See Amelung’s reply in _A. A._, 1894, pp. 192 f.

[1782] _E. g._, von Mach, Pls. 265 f.

[1783] _H. N._, XXXVI, 24; see note _ad loc._ by Jex-Blake.

[1784] _Aeth._, X, 31, 32; quoted in full by Krause, II, pp. 912 f.

[1785] Duetschke, Wolters, von Mach, and Lucas (the latter in _Jb._, XIX, 1904, pp. 127 f. and figs.) thought that the wrestling groups on the Roman mosaic of the Imperial period found in Tusculum in 1862 were influenced by the Florence group: _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl. LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXIII, 10; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1786] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 30.

[1787] He won in Ol. 142 (= 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.10; _cf._ V., 21.10; Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475.

[1788] _E. g._, by Gardiner, p. 146.

[1789] Bulle, no. 72; B. B., 285; von Mach, 236; Collignon, II, p. 427, fig. 222; Overbeck, II, p. 448, fig. 221; F. W., 1265; M. W., 1, Pl. XXXVIII, 152; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 465, 1, 2, 3; Clarac, V, 789, 1978; Gardiner, p. 147, fig. 21; etc. It is 3.17 meters high (Bulle).

[1790] An excellent one is in the Uffizi: Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 40; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 474, 1; a colossal replica was found in the sea off Antikythera: _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Suppl., Pl. B, 7; one in the Pitti Gallery will be mentioned immediately.

[1791] _I. G. B._, 345.

[1792] Duetschke, II, no. 36; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, p. 134; B. B., 284; M. W., XXXVIII, 151; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 210, 5. For the inscription, see _I. G. B._, 506; it has been needlessly attacked as a forgery—an ancient one by Winckelmann, _Mon. Inediti_, pp. LXXVI f., and a modern one by Maffei, _Ars critica_, III, 1, p. 76 (both quoted by Duetschke), and more recently by Stephani, _Der ausruhende Herakles_, pp. 164 f. The inscription is at least as old as the sixteenth century, as it is mentioned by Flaminius Vacca (see Duetschke).

[1793] _Numism. Chron._, Sér. 3, III, 1883, Pl. I, 5, p. 9.

[1794] Mentioned by Strabo, VI, 3.1 (= C. 278), and described by the late writer Niketas, _Chron. de signis Constant._, 5 (who wrongly calls Lysippos Lysimachos).

[1795] _Gesch. d. bild. Kuenste_, II^2, PP. 245 f.

[1796] P. 234.

[1797] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2a and 2; Textbd., pp. 10-11; F. W., 323.

[1798] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.

[1799] On the “_finsterer Blick_” of this class of victor monuments, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 173; _Mw._, p. 348; and _Bronz. v. Ol._, Text, pp. 10-11.

[1800] Thus Furtwaengler assigns it to the statue of the Akarnanian pancratiast (Philandridas) mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.1; see _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 11. I have assigned an earlier marble head to Philandridas, _infra_, pp. 293 f.

[1801] So Overbeck, II, p. 168; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534; F. W., _l. c._; etc.

[1802] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; Textbd., pp. 11-12; F. W., no. 324.

[1803] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.

[1804] _Cf._ P., VI, 20, 13: ἐπίδειξις ἐπιστήμης τε ἡνιόχων καὶ ἵππων ὠκύτητος; Pindar, _Ol._, III, 36 f.: θαητὸν ἀγῶνα ... ἀνδρῶν τ’ ἀρετᾶς πέρι καὶ ῥιμφαρμάτου διφρηλασίας.

[1805] On the hippodrome and its events at Olympia and elsewhere, see A. Martin, in Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, 1900, pp. 193 f. (art. _Hippodromos_); on the chariot, Saglio, _ibid._, I, 2, pp. 1633 f. (art. _Currus_); K. Schneider, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1735 f.; Julius, in Baum., I, pp. 692 f.; Pollack, _Hippodromica_, Diss. inaug., 1890; Gardiner, Ch. XXI, pp. 451 f.; Krause, I, pp. 557 f.; etc.

[1806] See Isokrates, XVI (_de Bigis_), 33 (p. 353 c); Xenophon, _de Re equestr._, II, 1; Aristotle, _Politics_, VI, 3.2 (= 1289 b 35), VIII, 7.1 (= 1321 a 11); Plut., _de Adul. et Amic._, Chs. 7 and 16 (latter quoting Karneades). On the expense of horse-breeding (ἱπποτροφία), see also Xen., _Ages._, I, 23; _id._, _Oecon._, II, 6; Plut., _Ages._, XX, 1; Pindar, _Isthm._, II, 38; IV, 29; etc.

[1807] The first, second, and fourth, according to Thukyd., VI, 16; the first, second and third, according to Eurip., _fragm._ 3 (= _P. l. G._, II, p. 266), and Isokr., _de Bigis_, 34 (p. 353 d). See Foerster, 275.

[1808] See _Oxy. Pap._, II, p. 222.

[1809] Besides 24 victories of both in various running races. The older part of the inscription (with a chariot-group in relief) was discovered by Leake: see _Travels in the Morea_, 1830, II, p. 521, and Pl. 71 (at the end of III); better reproduction by Dressler and Milchhoefer, _A. M._, II, 1877, pp. 318 f.; _I. G. A._, 79; Tod, _Sparta Museum Cat._, no. 440. The newer portion is discussed in _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-07, pp. 174 f.

[1810] See Hill, _Coins of Sicily_, pp. 43 f.

[1811] VIII, 38.5; see _Exped. scientif. en Morée_, 1831-1838, II, p. 37, and Pls. XXXIII, XXXIV. It was 240 by 105 meters in extent, though the actual course was probably only a stade long.

[1812] See list in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1743-4.

[1813] Described by P., V, 15.5 f., and VI, 20.10 f. For its position, see Doerpfeld, _Ergebn. v. Ol._, I, p. 78; Curtius u. Adler, _Olympia und Umgegend_, 1882, p. 30; Boetticher, _Olympia: Das Fest u. seine Staette_^2, 1886, p. 119; G. Herrmann, _de Hippodromo olympiaco_, 1839 (= _Opusc._, VII, pp. 388). Five attempts at reconstruction are given by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 643 f., and Pl. VI: those of Visconti (1796); A. Hirt (_Gesch. d. Baukunst bei d. Alten_, 1827, III, pp. 148 f., and Pl. XX, 8; reproduced in Baum., I, p. 693, fig. 750; Smith, _Dict. Antiq._^3, 1890, I, p. 963; Frazer, IV, p. 83, fig. 6); Lehndorff (_Hippodromos_, 1876); Pollack (_op cit._, p. 52); Wernicke (_Jb._, IX, 1894, p. 199). To these should be added those of A. Martin (_op. cit._, p. 198, fig. 3844); Weniger (_Klio_, IX, 1909, p. 303, the _aphesis_ transcribed by Gardiner, p. 453, fig. 164). See also Guhl u. Koner, _Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem._^6, 1893, pp. 233 f. and Fig. 271 (= restoration of Pollack), and _cf._ Krause, I, p. 150, n. 9.

[1814] See Blass, in _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, p. 222 (n. 1); R. Schoene, _A. A._, 1897, pp. 77-8; _id._, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 150 f. (Neue Angaben ueber den Hippodrom zu Olympia); Gaspar, in article on _Olympia_ in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 177 and n. 5; Frazer, V, p. 617; etc.

[1815] VI, 20.8.

[1816] Il., XXIII, 262-650. The four-horse chariot-race fills more than one and one-half times as many verses as the seven other contests combined (vv. 651-897). Homer’s description was often imitated by later poets, especially by Sophokles, _Electra_, 698-763 (race at Delphi); Nonnos, _Dionys._, XXXVII, 103-484; Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 500-595; Statius, _Theb._, VI, 274-527; etc. Hesiod describes a race as wrought on Herakles’ shield: _Scut._, 305 f.

[1817] P., V, 10.6-7; VI, 21.6-7; VIII, 14.10-11; etc.; Pindar, _Ol._, I, 67 f.

[1818] Diod., IV, 73.3.

[1819] VIII, 4.5.

[1820] _E. g._, Nestor won at the games of Amarynkeus, Iliad, XXIII, 630 f. On such myths, see Krause, I, pp. 558 f.

[1821] _E. g._, the race between Pelops and Oinomaos was represented on the chest of Kypselos, P., V, 17.7, and in the sculptures on the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, P., V, 10.6-7. It appears also on many early vases: _e. g._, on the François vase in Florence and the Amphiaraos vase in Berlin. For the latter, see _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pls. IV-V; _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, pp. 82 f. (Robert); Gardiner, p. 29, fig. 3.

[1822] V, 8.7.

[1823] See Plato, _de Rep._, III, 19 (= 412 B); Isokr., _de Bigis_, 33 (p. 353 c); Dio Cassius, LII, 30; Hdt., I, 167; Andok., 4, 26 (_Contra Alcib._); Soph., _Electra_, 698; etc.

[1824] VI, 2.2; he won in the hoplite-race and chariot-race in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 A.

[1825] Foerster thinks that the story arose from the small size of one of the horses in the monument of Lykidas.

[1826] These and the following figures are given in the Constantinople MS. The length of the four-horse chariot-race there given agrees with passages in Pindar (_Ol._, II, 50; III, 33; VI, 75; _cf._ _Pyth._, V, 33, for Delphi) and the scholiasts (on _Ol._, III, 59, Boeckh, p. 102, and _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380). See also Pollack, _Hippodromica_, pp. 103 f., and Gardiner, p. 457.

[1827] P., V, 8.10.

[1828] Length stated by the MS. and by a scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380.

[1829] Those of Troilos of Elis, who won in Ol. 103 (= 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; and of Akestorides of Alexandria in the Troad, who won between Ols. 142 and 144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.): P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 119 and pp. 49-50; Foerster, 501; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 184.

[1830] For the date, see P., V, 8.10; Xen., _Hell._, I, 2.1; for the event, Krause, I, pp. 567 f.

[1831] Troilos, already mentioned, who won in Ol. 102 (= 372 B. C.) and had a statue by Lysippos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338.

[1832] Euryleonis: P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344.

[1833] The συνωρίς was introduced at Delphi in 398 B. C., while the ἅρμα τέλειον was introduced there in 582 B. C.: see Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 202, for these and other dates of equestrian events at the Pythian games.

[1834] _B. M. Vases_, B 130.

[1835] The date is given in the Armenian version of Afr.; _cf._ also P., V, 8.11.

[1836] P., V, 8.8.

[1837] P., V, 8.11.

[1838] XV, 679-84; Hesiod, _Scut._, 285 f. On myths relating to it, see Krause, I, p. 582, n. 1. We read of _equi desultorii_ at the games inaugurated by Cæsar in Rome: Sueton., _Julius_, 39. See _supra_, p. 3.

[1839] VI, 13.9.

[1840] P., V, 9.1. Polemon, frag. 21 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 122), _apud_ schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, V, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 117), says that the κάλπη ceased in Ol. 84 (= 444 B. C.), if we accept Boeckh’s correction πδʹ for οδʹ. A scholiast on Pindar, _Ol._, V, lines 6 and 19 (Boeckh, pp. 119 and 122) says Ol. 85 (= 440 B. C.); another on _Ol._, VI, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 129), says Ol. 85 or Ol. 86. But Ol. 85 may be reconciled with Pausanias’ and Polemon’s date by assuming that the proclamation of abolition fell in Ol. 84, but that the event was first omitted in Ol. 85; see Bentley, _Diss. upon the Epistles of Phalaris_, p. 200 (ed. W. Wagner).

[1841] VI, 9.2; Hyde, 84.

[1842] V, 9.1; he won Ol. 70 (= 500 B. C.); Foerster, 157.

[1843] Anaxilas of Rhegion, whose victory fell sometime between Ols. (?) 70 and 76 (= 500 and 476 B. C.), and was celebrated by Simonides, frag. 7 (= _P. l. G._, III, p. 390); Agesias of Syracuse, whose victory fell Ol. (?) 77 (= 472 B. C.), and was celebrated by Pindar, _Ol._, VI; and Psaumis of Kamarina, whose victory, falling Ol. (?) 81 (= 456 B. C.), was sung by the pseudo-Pindar, _Ol._, V (= _P. l. G._, I, pp. 109 f.); he also won in the chariot-race in Ol. (?) 82 (= 452 B. C.), a victory sung by Pindar in _Ol._, IV. See Foerster, nos. 173, 210, 234, and 238.

[1844] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 220, 221; Foerster, 601.

[1845] The corrupt text of Africanus is here corrected by Gelzer, _S. Jul. Afr. und die byzant. Chronographie_, 1880, I, pp. 168 f. Gardiner, p. 165, n. 3, wrongly gives the victory of Germanicus as Ol. 194, thus confusing it with that of Tiberius.

[1846] Foerster, 642-647.

[1847] Ol. 208 (= 53 A. D.); Foerster, 634.

[1848] Most of the gems representing such contests, however, refer to the Roman circus.

[1849] For illustrations of the two, see Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1636 f., figs. 2203 f., and _cf._ Gardiner, pp. 458 f.; an excellent illustration of a four-horse chariot and driver is seen on an Attic-Corinthian goblet (dinos) in the Louvre: Perrot-Chipiez, X, Pl. II, opp. p. 116; also several at rest and racing on the _François Vase_: Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 141, fig. 93, p. 154, fig. 101 (= Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, 1904-1912, Pls. III, 10, and XI-XII.).

[1850] Von Mach, no. 5.

[1851] See, _e. g._, P. Gardner, _Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896, figs. 18-20.

[1852] C. Smith, _B. S. A._, III, 1896-7, pp. 183 f., dates these prize amphoræ from the middle of the sixth to the close of the fourth centuries B. C., as the last of the series is dated 313 B. C. In this article he publishes a mosaic found on Delos (Pl. XVI, a) and dating from the early second century B. C., which reproduces a Panathenaic amphora with an illustration of a chariot-race—the latest date at which either a prize-amphora (or picture of one) can be proved to have been used. He believes (p. 187) that it is the representation of an amphora won long before by the ancestor of the owner of the mosaic, carefully preserved in his family.

[1853] _B. M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200.

[1854] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, dating from the sixth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, B 132; Gardiner, p. 458, fig. 166; _cf._ also a silver tetradrachm from Rhegion in the British Museum, from the early fifth century B. C.: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168.

[1855] Philip won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3 and 4; _cf._ Justin, XII, 16, 6; ἅρματι twice at unknown dates: Foerster, 360, 364, 370. As we have no record of a victory by him υνωρίδι], the two-horse chariot appearing on his coins (_e. g._, a gold stater in the British Museum, Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167, right) may refer to unrecorded victories, or else may be interpreted (with Gardiner) as a pun on his name.

[1856] _E. g._, on a silver tetradrachm of Rhegion in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168. This and other coins commemorate the victory in this event of the Rhegion prince Anaxilas, already mentioned: Aristotle, frag. 228a, _ap._ Pollux, V, 73 (= _F. H. G._, II, p. 173); Foerster, 173.

[1857] _E. g._, a decadrachm of Akragas (dating from the end of the fifth century B. C.) and another of Syracuse (from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.) in the British Museum; reproduced by Gardiner, p. 465, fig. 172.

[1858] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, Pl. V; Gardner, p. 456, fig. 165.

[1859] Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCXLIX and CCL; Dar.-Sagl., _l. c._, fig. 2219. It was formerly in Lucien Bonaparte’s collection.

[1860] _A. V._, Pls. CCLI-CCLIV.

[1861] B. B., 586-7 and figs. 1-14 (text by Furtwaengler); Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, 1915, pp. 17 f., no. 40, and figs.; P. Ducati, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 74 f.; J. Offord, _R. Arch._, Sér. IV, III, 1904, pp. 305-7 and Pls. VII-IX, etc. Closely allied in style to its decorative designs are fragments of another chariot found at Perugia and now distributed among the Perugia, Munich, and British Museums: Petersen, _A. M._, X, 1894, pp. 253 f.; B. B., 588-589. _Cf._ also fragments of similar technique from Capua: Froehner, _Cat. de la Collection Dutuit_, 1897-1901, II, p. 199, no. 250, and Pls. 190-195.

[1862] _A. J. A._, XII, 1908, pp. 312 f., with plates and figures.

[1863] _H. N._, XXXVI, 31.

[1864] Vitruv., _de Arch._, VII (Praef.), §§ 12-13.

[1865] See _B. M. Sculpt._, II, nos. 1000-1005 and Pl. XVI; for discussion of the group, _J. H. S._, XXX, 1910, pp. 133-162 (J. B. K. Preedy).

[1866] _E. g._, XXXIV, 71 (_Calamis et alias quadrigas bigasque fecit se impari, equis sine aemulo expressis_); XXXV, 99 (_Aristides ... pinxit et currentes quadrigas_); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); 64 (_Lysippus ... fecit et quadrigas multorum generum_); 66 (Euthykrates); 80 (Pyromachos); 88 (Menogenes); 86 (Aristodemos).

[1867] P., VI, 12.1; to be mentioned _infra_, p. 279.

[1868] P., VI, 9.4-5.

[1869] P., V, 27.2.

[1870] P., VI, 14.12.

[1871] P., VI, 10.8 and 19.6, and _cf._ 10.8; Hdt., VI, 36; Hyde, 99a and p. 44; Foerster, 105. Pausanias here confuses this elder Miltiades with the son of Kimon, as does also the pseudo-Andok., IV, 33.

[1872] P., VI, 10.8; _cf._ Hdt., VI, 103; Hyde, 99b and p. 44; Foerster, 77-79.

[1873] Some time between Ols. (?) 68 and 70 (= 508 and 500 B. C.): P., VI, 16.6; Hyde, 160 and pp. 58-9; Foerster, 797 (undated).

[1874] Kalliteles won some time between Ols. (?) 66 and 68 (= 516 and 508 B. C.): _Inschr. v. Ol._, 632; Hyde, 161; Foerster, 774 (undated).

[1875] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 34 f.; date given by schol. on _Pyth._, IV, Argum., Boeckh, p. 342. Pindar’s _Pyth._, IV and V celebrate this victory. The same scholiast also records a chariot-victory of Arkesilas at Olympia in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.); Foerster, 229.

[1876] P., V, 12.5; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 634; _I. G. B._, 100. Kyniska won two chariot-victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 (= 396, 392 B. C.), and for them also had an equestrian group set up in the Altis, the work of the Megarian artist Apellas, which we shall discuss later: P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; see _infra_, p. 267.

[1877] P., VI, 12.7; Hyde, 108; Foerster, 801 (undated).

[1878] He won some time between Ols. (?) 128 and 137 (= 268 and 232 B. C.): P., VI, 1.9; Hyde, 169; Foerster, 446; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 178.

[1879] P., VI, 17.5; _cf._ 10.6-8. In the latter passage (§8) Pausanias says that Kleosthenes, who won in Ol. 66, was the first to dedicate his statue together with a chariot and horses and the statue of a charioteer. Foerster, 38, following Westermann, believes that Archidamas is the name which has fallen out of Phlegon, fragm. 4 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 605), that of a victor from Dyspontion in Elis, and therefore wrongly gives the date of the victory as Ol. 27 (= 672 B. C.); for a refutation of this view and an indeterminate date, see Hyde, 182 and p. 62.

[1880] He won Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233.

[1881] He won in two events, the hoplite-race and charioteering, in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1-2; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211A. Perhaps one of his two statues by Myron represented his charioteer (so Foerster), though more probably the two statues represented the victor for his two victories.

[1882] He won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 (= 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17; Foerster, 310; his statue stood beside that of his son Aigyptos on horseback; the latter won κέλητι about the date of his father’s victory: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde 18; Foerster, 301. The two monuments were by the Sikyonian Daidalos.

[1883] He won συνωρίδι καὶ τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 102, 103 (= 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338, 345.

[1884] He won some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 177.

[1885] Polykles won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796 (undated). For this athletic _genre_ group, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534. On children’s hoops (τρόχοι) see L. Becq de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_^2, 1873, Ch. VIII, pp. 159 f.

[1886] 1, 96 (quoting Ephoros, fragm. 106 = _F. H. G._, 1, pp. 262-3). Periandros won a chariot victory at Olympia at the end of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century B. C.: Foerster, 80, who assumes that it was a statue of Zeus, and not of Periandros.

[1887] Gelo won in Ol. 73 (= 488 B. C.): P., VI, 9.4; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143. This inscription on the recovered base and another from the base of the monument of Pantarkes, who won apparently in the chariot-race at the end of the sixth century B. C. (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 142; Foerster, 149), are the two oldest inscriptions known of chariot victors at Olympia.

[1888] He won Ol. 66 (= 516 B. C.): P., VI, 10.6-7; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143.

[1889] P., VI, 10.7.

[1890] We have mentioned the inscribed relief _supra_, pp. 257 and 258, and n. 1 on p. 258.

[1891] Line 15.

[1892] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 26. For the above examples, see also Gardiner, p. 463.

[1893] P., VI, 2.8; he was represented on horseback.

[1894] P., III, 8.1; _cf._ VI, 1.6.

[1895] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 99; see _A. G._, XIII, 16.

[1896] _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 151.

[1897] Noted in _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, p. 60.

[1898] _H. N._, XXXIV, 86: _et adornantes se feminas_. For the five larger bronze figures, see Inv., 5604-5, 5619-21; for the smaller sixth figure, usually known as the _Praying Child_, see Inv., 5603. All six are pictured in E. R. Barker’s _Buried Herculaneum_, 1908, Figs. 18-19.

[1899] P., VI, 12.1; _cf._ VIII, 42.9-10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, and 215. Pindar celebrates the victory of 476 B. C. in his first _Olympian ode_.

[1900] P., V, 27.2. See _supra_, pp. 28, 62, and 163.

[1901] P., VI, 14.12.

[1902] _H. N._, XXXIV, 71. On the basis of this and other references, Reisch built up a theory that there was also a fourth-century B. C. Kalamis, the contemporary of the younger Praxiteles: _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 199 f. He was followed by Amelung (_R. M._, XXI, 1906, pp. 285 and 287) and Studniczka (_Abh. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., philolog.-histor. Klasse_, XXV, no. IV, 1907, pp. 5 f.). Furtwaengler has shown the weakness of such an argument and has rightly referred the monument mentioned by Pliny to the great Kalamis and his younger contemporary, the elder Praxiteles: _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, pp. 160 f.

[1903] P., VI, 18.1. Kratisthenes won Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193 A.

[1904] P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 105d. The same Timon is mentioned again: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17. This monument may have been set up for a second victory or even for the victory mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.8; however, I have classed it as an honor dedication, assuming two monuments: Hyde, p. 45.

[1905] Lampos won some time after Ol. (?) 105 (= 360 B. C.): P., VI, 4.10; Hyde, 44; Foerster, 420. Philippi, the native city of Lampos, was founded in Ol. 105 by Philip, father of Alexander, on the site of an older town, Krenides.

[1906] _H. N._, XXXIV, 89; it was by the statuary Piston.

[1907] Reisch, p. 49, believes that she represented a _Nike apteros_; Rouse, p. 164, also believes that such figures were Victories.

[1908] _H. N._, XXXV, 108.

[1909] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XLIV.

[1910] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 814; _Museum Marbles_, IX, Pl. XXXVIII, fig. 2. A. H. Smith (_op. cit._, no. 814; _cf._ _Guide to Græco-Roman Sculpt._, I, no. 176) also mentions another similar votive tablet in the British Museum. It is mounted on a pilaster and represents the visit of Dionysos to Ikarios. Such tablets seem to have been commonly dedicated by agonistic victors.

[1911] Schoene, _Griech. Reliefs_, 1872, Pl. XVIII, fig. 80; F. W., 1142; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 7014. Here only the arms and wings of Nike are left.

[1912] E. Huebner, _Die antiken Bildw. in Madrid_, 1862, 241, 559; _Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, Pl. G., and p. 103; Reisch, p. 51.

[1913] _Arch. Eph._, 1893, pp. 128 f. (Kabbadias) and Pl. IX; Rouse, p. 177.

[1914] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 49-50; Rouse, p. 176.

[1915] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, I, 437.

[1916] P., V, 17.8.

[1917] Frazer, III, p. 609, fig. 77; etc. See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1918] We have already discussed the style and date of this relief in Ch. III, pp. 128-9. For the relief, see Dickins, no. 1342 and illustration on p. 275; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, no. 5039; Baum., I, p. 342, fig. 359; Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, p. 265, fig. 7; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Collignon, I, pp. 378 f. and fig. 194; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; Le Bas, _Voyage archeol._ (Reinach’s ed.), pp. 50-51 and Pl. I; F. W., 97; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 155. A small piece of the adjacent slab to the right (found on the eastern slope of the Akropolis in 1859-1860), fitting the main block exactly, shows two horses’ tails and one hind leg and proves that the chariot was represented at rest.

[1919] This fragment contains a head whose pointed beard and petasos have been thought to indicate the god: Dickins, no. 1343; Collignon, I, p. 378, fig. 195; von Mach, fig. 11, opp. p. 58; Conze, _Nuove Memorie dell’ Instituto_, II, pp. 408 f. and Pl. XIII A; F. W., 96.

[1920] So O. Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f.; he is followed by Robinson, _Cat. of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston_, no. 33. J. Braun, _Gesch. d. Kunst_, 1858, II, pp. 188 and 549 (quoted by F. W.), Conze, _op. cit._, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, p. 123, Helbig, _Das homerische Epos_^2, 1887, p. 179 and n. 11, Springer-Michaelis, pp. 207-8 (and fig. 389), Dickins, and many others, also interpret the figure as male.

[1921] This coiffure, however, appears on several female heads: _e. g._, on the Harpy monument, F. W., 127 f. Knapp (_Nike in d. Vasenmalerei_, p. 10), Brunn (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1870, II, pp. 213 f.), W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, 1890, p. 44), Collignon, Overbeck, Friedrichs-Wolters, Reisch (p. 49), and many others call the figure of the charioteer female.

[1922] _E. g._, the headless draped statue, resembling the _Korai_, in the Akropolis Museum: B. B., 551.

[1923] _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f. (especially 321) and Pls. XI, XII (the rebuilding of the temple referred to the time of Peisistratos). He also (p. 320) favors the well-known view of Doerpfeld (_A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 25-61, 190-211; XV, 1890, pp. 420-439) that the Hekatompedon or Old Temple of Athena, rebuilt by the Athenians shortly after the Persian wars, existed not only down to 406 B. C., when Xenophon says that it was burnt (_Hell._, I, 6), but down at least to the time of Pausanias. This view is held by J. Harrison, _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens_, 1890, pp. 505 f., Dickins, _l. c._, and many archæologists. It has been rejected by many others, _e. g._, Petersen (_A. M._, XII, pp. 62-72), Wernicke (_ibid._, pp. 184-189), and _in extenso_ Frazer (_J. H. S._, XIII, 1892-1893, pp. 153-187; reprinted in his edition of Pausanias, II, pp. 553-82). Murray, I, p. 143 and fig. 35, referred the relief to one of the metopes of the Old Temple of Athena.

[1924] _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1906, II, pp. 147 f.; _cf._ also _ibid._, 1905, pp. 433 f.

[1925] Springer-Michaelis (_l. c._) think that it may represent a chariot victor; similarly Purgold (_Arch. Eph._, 1885, p. 251). Boetticher (_Die Akropolis_, 1888, pp. 85-6) believes that it represents a Panathenaic victor.

[1926] In the British Museum: _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 951 and Pl. XIII; Sir Charles Fellows, _An Account of Discoveries in Lycia_, 1841, p. 166. The Chimæra may be introduced as a heraldic device of the owner of the tomb (Smith). Bellerophon appears on Pegasos on a relief from a rock tomb of Pinara: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 760. We should also compare with these the reliefs found by Fellows at Xanthos and now in the British Museum. They show a two-horse chariot with a seated charioteer (F. W., 131; Murray, I, Pl. IV), a two-horse chariot with a charioteer and a seated man (F. W., 133; Murray, Pl. III), and a young rider (F. W., 134). See Fellows, pp. 172, 176; Murray, I, pp. 124 f.

[1927] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, slabs XI-XXIII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 325. The charioteers on slabs XII and XIV have long, close-fitting tunics.

[1928] Michaelis, _op. cit._, slabs XXIV-XXXIV; _B. M. Sculpt._, no. 327.

[1929] Theophrastos, _ap._ Harpokr., _s. v._ ἀποβάτης), says that it was peculiar to Athens and Bœotia, but there is evidence of its existence elsewhere, _e. g._, at Aphrodisias in Karia (_C. I. G._, II, no. 2758, G. col. IV, line 3, p. 507, and C. col. IV, l. 3), Naples (_ibid._, no. 5807, l. 4), Rome (_C. I. L._, VI, 2, 10047, b, line 8 = _pedibus ad quadrigam_), etc. On the race at the _Panathenaia_, see Michaelis, _op. cit._, pp. 324 f.; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, pp. 153 f., and _Die Feste d. Stadt Athen im Altertum_, 1898, pp. 89 f.; and for the race in general, Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 2814 f.

[1930] For a description of the race, see Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, I, pp. 425-6 and _Dionys. Halikarn._, VII, 73, 2-3; the former account says that the _apobates_ mounted the chariot in full course by setting his foot on the wheel and dismounted again; the latter only that he dismounted in the last lap; the two are apparently describing different moments of the same race.

[1931] National Museum, no. 1391; Svoronos, II, pp. 340-1, Tafelbd., Pl. LVI (right); noted in _A. M._, XII, 1887, p. 146, no. 1; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 237 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1910, pp. 251 f.; Reisch, p. 51. Staïs gives the measurements as 0.60 meter high and 0.36 meter broad.

[1932] _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 410-14, no. 193 (Koerte); _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1844-48, Pl. 5; _Annali_, Pl. XVI, 1844, pp. 166 f. (F. J. Welcker), and Pl. E.

[1933] A third relief from Oropos, showing the same subject, is in Berlin (no. 725): see Furtwaengler, _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. XXVI (and text, on the subject of the race).

[1934] _B. C. H._, VII, 1883, Pl. XVII and pp. 458 f. (Collignon); Gardiner, p. 238, fig. 34; F. W., 1836.

[1935] Its antiquity has been questioned by Kekulé, who is quoted by F. W.; see on no. 1838.

[1936] _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 1037, Pl. XVIII; von Mach, 231; _Ant. Denkm._, II, 2, 1893-4, Pl. XVIII, 0; Collignon, II, p. 327, fig. 165; Newton, _Travels and Discoveries in the Levant_, 1865, II, p. 133, Pl. XVI; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 430, fig. 111. It is 2 feet 1.5 inches high.

[1937] For the sarcophagus, see the work of Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892; Text, pp. 272 f., and Pls. XXIII-XXVIII, XXX-XXXI, XXXIV-XXXVII; also Studniczka, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 211 f. (who assigned it to Lysippos’ pupil, Eutychides); Judeich, _ibid._, X, 1895, pp. 165 f. and figs. 1-6; _J. H. S._, XIX, 1899, pp. 273 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 466 f. and fig. 124 (= Hamdy-Bey et Reinach, Pl. XXIX); von Mach, 379-83; Richardson, p. 242, fig. 116; Springer-Michaelis, p. 348, fig. 627; etc.

[1938] We see it, _e. g._, on the cuirass of the statue of _Augustus_ in the Vatican: von Mach, no. 418.

[1939] Von Mach, no. 232; Robinson, _Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts_, 1897, pp. 18-19; Klein, _Praxitelische Studien_ (= Suppl. to his _Praxiteles_), 1899, p. 1; in n. 1 Klein says that the statue was found in the Tiber.

[1940] _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, pp. 149 f.

[1941] Noted by Klein, _op. cit._, figs. 5 and 7.

[1942] _E. g._, on the vase in the British Museum, discussed in _Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200. Here the driver stands clothed in the regular chiton like that on the _Charioteer_ from Delphi. (Fig. 66.) We see similarly clothed charioteers on various r.-f. vases: _e. g._, on those pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLI-CCLIII; on those enumerated by Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, p. 60 (including some r.-f. ones, _e. g._, the fifth-century B. C. one from Corneto by Euxithoos and Oltos = Baum., III, Pl. XCIII, 2 and p. 2141). Hauser also adds the draped charioteer in the _Helios_ group from the Great Pergamene Altar relief (pictured in Baum., II, Pl. XXXIX, and pp. 1255-6). The general statement of W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, Goettingen, 1880, p. 44), _nam aurigae semper fere longa tunica sola vestiti sunt_, is, of course, correct.

[1943] _E. g._, the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori to be mentioned _infra_, p. 276; also other examples in Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6 (in Rome: _B. Com. Rom._, I, 1888, Pl. XV) and 7 (in Athens: _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 173; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 221). We see nude charioteers entering two four-horse chariots on a r.-f. lebes, formerly in the collection of Lucien Bonaparte, now in Munich: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIV (below).

[1944] Von Mach, no. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 488, 7: _A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f. (Friedrichs) and Pls. CXXXIII, CXXXIV; _Bonner Jb._, XXVI, Pl. IV. It is 4 ft. 7 in. tall and represents a boy of about 14.

[1945] Friedrichs, though at first, because of the crown on the hair, interpreting it as a _Bonus Eventus_ (_A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f.), later (_Beschr. d. Skulpt._, no. 4, pp. 5-6) called it a charioteer.

[1946] _B. Com. Rom._, XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2 (pp. 335 f.); Joubin, pp. 134 f., and fig. 40; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 973 (restored on p. 557, fig. 29); _Guide_, 597 (restored on p. 442, fig. 28); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 81-82; _Mw._, pp. 115-116; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6. Mentioned _supra_, p. 275, n. 7.

[1947] Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, Pl. XXII, 2.

[1948] Including the _Hestia Giustiniani_ in the Museo Torlonia, Rome: B. B., 491; von Mach, 75; the so-called _Aspasia_ head, with copies in Paris (Photo Giraudon, no. 1219) and Berlin (_A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, Pl. VIII, two views), and the _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_ in Athens (Pl. 7B); he assigns the later related _Athena_ in the Villa Albani to Praxias, the pupil of Kalamis and contemporary of Pheidias: F. W., 524; _Mp._, p. 78, figs. 29 and 30 (head); _Mw._, pp. 112-113, figs. 19 and 20 (head). However, as Richardson points out, pp. 137 and 207, the _Hestia_ bears a strong resemblance to the East gable figures at Olympia, especially to those of _Sterope_ and _Hippodameia_, and to several female statues in Copenhagen: Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pls. VII (= Joubin, p. 161, fig. 53), XXXVIII, and fig. 3 on p. 13.

[1949] _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1896, pp. 178, 186, 362, 388, and Pls. I, II; _A. A._, 1896, pp. 173 f. (with fig.); Homolle, in _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, Pls. XV, XVI, pp. 169 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 579, 581-3; _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. XLIX, L (4 views); Bulle, 199 and fig. 134 on p. 460; von Mach, 60; H. B. Walters, _Art of the Anc. Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXVIII; Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 49 f. and Pls. VIII, IX; G. F. Hill, _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, pp. 7-8 and Pl. V; Springer-Michaelis, p. 225, fig. 482; Robinson, _Cat. Mus. Fine Arts in Boston_, Suppl., pp. 1 f., no. 85; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2688; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 1. It is 5 feet 10.75 inches high (A. H. Smith) or 1.80 meters (Bulle).

[1950] See Svoronos, p. 131, n. 3.

[1951] O. M. Washburn, _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXV, 1905, cols. 1358 f.; _A. J. A._, X, 1906, pp. 151-3; XII, 1908, pp. 198-208.

[1952] P., X, 15.6.

[1953] _L. c._, and _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, 1905, col. 1549.

[1954] Lechat, _Rev. Arch._, XI, 1908, pp. 126 f., Furtw., _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, II, pp. 157 f., Studniczka, _Jb._, XXII, 1907, pp. 133 f., and others, support Washburn’s view.

[1955] P., X, 9.7-8; _cf._ VI, 3.5, where Amphion is called the pupil of Ptolichos, the pupil of Kritios.

[1956] So von Duhn, _A. M._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 421 f.; a conclusion also reached independently by E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 51.

[1957] So von Duhn, Gardner, and Mahler; the latter in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, III, 1900, pp. 142 f. Furtwaengler, _l. c._, found von Duhn’s view that the _Charioteer_ is an original work of Pythagoras untenable. He also combated his interpretation of πολύζαλος as a proper name, preferring the suggestion of Washburn that it might be an adjective. However, in a former article (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1897, pp. 129 f.) he had emphasized the similarity between the statue and a bronze statuette in London (_B. M. Bronzes_, 515 and Pl. XVI; _Sitzb._, _l. c._, Pl. V, two views) which he believed was almost certainly a product of Magna Græcia. He found the style of the _Charioteer_ Ionic-Attic without Peloponnesian affiliations, and referred it to Amphion or to some unknown artist of the circle of Kritios and Nesiotes. For a similar view, see Homolle, _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, p. 207. Pottier (_ap._ Homolle, _l. c._) assigned it to Kalamis. _Cf._ also Lechat, _Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905, p. 100.

[1958] A. D. Keramopoullos, _A. M._, XXXIV, 1909, pp. 33 f. Homolle, _op. cit._, pp. 176 f., and O. Schroeder, _A. A._, 1902, pp. 12 f., had also referred it to Gelo’s dedication.

[1959] P. 152.

[1960] See G. F. Hill, _l. c._

[1961] Besides the Olympic victories already recorded, Hiero also won the chariot-race at Delphi in Pythiad 29 (= 470 B. C.), and the horse-race there twice in Pythiads 26 and 27 (= 482 and 478 B. C.); he also won a chariot-race probably at the Theban _Iolaia_ in (?) 475 B. C.; Pindar celebrates the four victories in _Pyth._, I-III; Bergk, _P. l. G._,^5 I, pp. 175 f.

[1962] P., VI, 14.4; he won either before Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.) or in Ols. 69 or 70 (= 504 or 500 B. C.): Hyde, 126 and p. 52; Foerster, 778 (undated).

[1963] He won κέλητι in Ols. 66 or 67 (= 516 or 512 B. C.): P., VI, 13.9; Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129, 149a (two victories).

[1964] They won in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): P., VI, 13.10; Hyde, 121; Foerster, 152.

[1965] So Hyde, pp. 50-1.

[1966] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 598.

[1967] P., VI, 12.1.

[1968] P., VI, 2.8.

[1969] Xenombrotos won in Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133 (following Robert, _O. S._, pp. 180-181); Foerster, 327; Xenodikos in Ol. (?) 84 (= 444 B. C.): Hyde, 134; Foerster, 332.

[1970] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 154; _I. G. A._, 552a; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 179-81. However, Kirchhoff referred this base to the statue of a runner: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 84; and Dittenberger to the victor D[amasi]ppos, who won in some running race at an unknown date: Foerster, 812. Robert read the mutilated inscription ἐλάσιππος (“horse-driving”) instead of the proper name Δαμάσιππος.

[1971] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75 and 78 (_celetizontes pueri_).

[1972] Pliny, XXXIV, 71.

[1973] _B. M. Vases_, B 133; Gardiner, p. 461, fig. 169; see also a Panathenaic amphora pictured in Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (left).

[1974] Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167 (left). He won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3; Foerster, 360. _Cf._ a similar jockey on horseback on a coin of Tarentum: Head, _Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins ... in the British Museum_, Pl. XXIV, 7.

[1975] _B. M. Vases_, B 144; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII (lower half); Gardiner, p. 243, fig. 37.

[1976] See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1977] Mentioned in _J. H. S._, XIV, 1894, p. 66 (H. Stuart Jones).

[1978] III, i, p. 200, fig. 3846 (from Dubois-Maisonneuve, _Introd. à l’Étude des vases_, Pl. XLIII); others are there mentioned, _e. g._, _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 3b and II, 1834-38, Pl. XXXII (bottom).

[1979] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, pp. 436 f., with figure (Collignon). This and the following three reliefs are mentioned by Rouse, p. 176.

[1980] F. W., 1206, formerly interpreted as Alexander and Boukephalos.

[1981] Von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 307.

[1982] Von Duhn, in _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, pp. 167, no. 89 (_cf._ no. 88).

[1983] On the North frieze, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Tafelbd., slabs XXIV-XLII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 325, pp. 175 f.; West frieze, Michaelis, slabs II, IV, VI-VII, IX-XI; _B. M. Sculpt._, 326, pp. 179-80; South frieze, Michaelis, slabs I, III, X-XVI, XXII-XXIII; _B. M. Sculpt._, 327, pp. 181-85.

[1984] _C. I. A._, IV, 2, 373, line 99; _cf._ Studniczka, _Arch. Eph._, 1887, p. 146.

[1985] _Vit. X Orat._, 42 (p. 839b); he says that it stood in the ball-court of the maidens known as _arrephoroi_. Pausanias, I, 18.8, also mentions a statuette of Isokrates on a column near the Olympieion.

[1986] Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1877, p. 183 and Pl. XIII, 1; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 527, 1.

[1987] Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 242.

[1988] Dickins, nos. 700, found in 1887 (height 1.12 meters, length of fragment 0.76 meter) and 697 (height 1.13 meters); Winter, Archaische Reiterbilder von der Akropolis, _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 135-156, figs. 13a and b, 14a and b; Collignon, I, pp. 358-9, figs. 180 and 181; Schrader, _Arch. Marmor-Skulpt. im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen_, 1909, p. 81, figs. 72-3 (assuming a Chian sculptor for no. 700); B. B., 459; no. 700 = Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 639, fig. 327; 697 = _ibid._, p. 637, fig. 326. Winter, in the article cited, gives fourteen cuts of such archaic horse monuments.

[1989] See preliminary account by Th. Reinach in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1919, (Jan.-Feb.), pp. 56-59 and fig. on p. 58. It is 49 centimeters high.

[1990] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronz. d. Samml. Loeb_, 1913, p. 70, Pl. 29; it is 0.12 meter high. An exact copy is in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes ant. de la Bibliothèque Nationale_, 1893, no. 893. For further examples of horsemen in bronze and marble, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 527-533.

[1991] The race is described by P., V, 9.2; _cf._ Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._, V, 2 (675 C.) For possible examples in sculpture, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 532-3.

[1992] _E. g._, on a silver stater of the early third century B. C. from Tarentum in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 462, fig. 170 (right).

[1993] _Les_ ἱππεῖς _athéniens_, 1902 (_Extrait des Mémoires de l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres_, Vol. XXXVII). _Cf._ Gardiner, pp. 71-2.

[1994] _Heralds_ (κήρυκες), trumpeters (σαλπισταί), flutists (αὐληταί), cithara-players (κιθαρισταί), and those who sang with them (κιθαρῳδοί), are mentioned as victors in many inscriptions: _e. g._, at Oropos, _C. I. G. G. S._, I, nos. 419-20; at Tanagra, _ibid._, 540; at Plataiai, _ibid._, 1667; at Thespiai, _ibid._, 1760 and 1773; on Mt. Helikon, _ibid._, 1776; at Akraiphia, _ibid._, 2727; at Koroneia, _ibid._, 2871; etc. _Cf._ Frazer, III, p. 628. Also on Samos: see inscription discussed in _J. H. S._, VII, 1886, p. 150.

[1995] Afr.; Foerster, nos. 302 (Timaios) and 303 (Krates); they are not mentioned by Pausanias in his account of the introduction of various contests at Olympia, V, 8.6 f. Lucian mentions the contests of heralds at Olympia: _de morte Peregrini_, 32.

[1996] V, 22.1.

[1997] Nestor (_F. H. G._, II, p. 485^*, quoted by Athenæus, X, 7, p. 415a) says that he was _periodonikes_ ten times, while Pollux (IV, 89) says seven times. For the dates of the victories, which fell some time between Ols. (?) 113 and 122 (= 328 and 292 B. C.), see Foerster, nos. 395, 399, 402, 404, 406, 411, 415, 422, 425, and 428.

[1998] Athen., X, 7 (p. 414e).

[1999] Amarantos of Alexandria, _apud_ Athen., _l. c._, says that he was 3.5 ells in height; Pollux, _l. c._, four ells. Athenæus relates examples of his voracity.

[2000] For the inscribed basis of his statue at Olympia, see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 232; _cf._ Foerster, 815-19 (undated). The inscription appears to belong to the first century A. D.

[2001] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, pp. 146-7 (Dickins) and fig. 3; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, p. 83 and fig. 6. It is 0.131 meter high.

[2002] _B. M. Bronzes_, 223 (quoted by Dickins, _l. c._).

[2003] See P., X, 9.2.

[2004] Fragm. 65 (= _F. H. G._, I, 207, quoted by Strabo, VI, 1.9, C. 260). For the story about his victory, see Timaios, Strabo, _l. c._, Clemens Alexandr., _Protrept._, I, p. 2, and poetically in _A. G._, VI, 54 (Paulus Silentiarius), and IX, 584.

[2005] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 52.

[2006] IX, 30. 2 f.

[2007] In another passage, X, 7. 2, Pausanias says that Thamyris won a prize for singing at the Pythian games; he also mentions a painting of him by Polygnotos: X, 30. 8. On Thamyris, _cf._ also P., IV, 33. 3 and 7.

[2008] For the story of the poet Arion and the dolphin, see P. III, 25. 7.

[2009] In X, 7. 4, Pausanias says that Sakadas won in flute-playing at Delphi three times, the first in the third year of Ol. 48 (= 585 B. C.). In another passage, II, 22.8, he says that Sakadas was the first to play the “Pythian tune” on the flute. For a description of this tune, see Pollux, IV, 84, and Strabo, IX, 3.10 (C. 421).

[2010] XIV, 24 (p. 629a).

[2011] _C. I. A._, I, 357.

[2012] Froehner, _Notice_, no. 16; Clarac, 122, 342; M. W., I, Pl. 13, 46; etc.

[2013] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 378 f. (Wolters) and Pl. XII.

[2014] V, 7.10; _cf._ Plutarch, _de Musica_, 26. Athenæus, IV, 39 (p. 154a), quotes from the first book of the catalogue of Olympic victors by Eratosthenes to the effect that the Etruscans used to box to the music of the flute.

[2015] P., V, 17. 10.

[2016] Ph., 55.

[2017] Plut., _l. c._

[2018] See Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867, pp. 97 f.

[2019] He won sometime between Ols. (?) 58 and 62 (= 548 and 532 B. C.): P., VI, 14.9-10; Hyde, 128b and p. 52. He also won six victories at Delphi and fluted at the pentathlon: _cf._ P., _l. c._ and Ph., 55.

[2020] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 604. An example, on the other hand, of a very small man erecting a large statue is that of the poet Lucius Accius, whose statue was set up in the temple of the Camenae in Rome: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 19; _cf._ Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, I, p. 289.

[2021] _E. g._, to Aristotle of Stagira: P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41b; to Gorgias of Leontini: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 293; etc.

[2022] The first part of the present chapter appeared under the caption, Lysippus as a Worker in Marble, in _A. J. A._, 2d Series, XI, 1907, pp. 396-416, and figs. 1-6; the second part, entitled, The Head of a Youthful Heracles from Sparta, appeared _ibid._, XVIII, 1914, pp. 462-478, and fig. 1. Both parts have been rewritten. The author is indebted to the former editor-in-chief, Dr. James M. Paton, for permission to use the original papers in writing the present chapter.

[2023] First noted by Homolle, _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, III Sér., pp. 452 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f.; _id._, _ibid._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 421 f.; _id._, _Rev. Arch._, 1900, p. 383; P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f. (The Apoxyomenos of Lysippos). For a good summary and a new identification of the figures of the group (without discussing the style), see Miss E. M. Gardner and K. K. Smith, _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f. (Pl. XIV and 21 text-cuts).

[2024] The group was composed of nine statues: three of athletes, those of the brothers Agias, a pancratiast, Telemachos, a wrestler, and Agelaos, a boy runner; four statesmen, and the son of the dedicator, and one unknown: _B. C. H._, XXI, pp. 592 f.; _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 45-46.

[2025] _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, p. 452: “_un des meilleures exemples de la manière de Lysippe_.”

[2026] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598.

[2027] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 470-1: “_L’auteur de la statue d’Agias ... ne peut être cherché que dans l’école de Lysippe ou dans sa dépendance immédiate...._” On p. 472 he says that in the _Agias_ we have a statue “_qui approche aussi près que possible d’un original de Lysippe_.”

[2028] _Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck_, 1900; for the inscription referring to the statue of Agias, see _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592-593. Preuner’s ingenious theory was based on a combination of the inscriptions on the bases of the group.

[2029] _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. LXIII (full length), LXIV (head); statue of Sisyphos I, Pl. LXV; Sisyphos II, LXVIII (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX); Agelaos (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX). For the _Agias_, see also _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, Pls. X (head, two views) and XI (statue); von Mach, 234; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 596; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 11 (before the discovery of the lower legs). The name is to be spelled either Agias or Hagias; the former has now become usual.

[2030] Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (1760-1836) visited Pharsalos in September 1811.

[2031] In the Braccio Nuovo: Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 86, no. 67 and Pl. XI; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 23; _Guide_, I, no. 31; B. B., 281 (head = 487); Bulle, 62 (head = 213); and reconstruction in a bronzed cast on a high pedestal in the Museum of the University of Erlangen, _ibid._, pp. 117-18, fig. 22, a, b, c (_cf._ _Muenchner Jb. f. bild. Kunst._, 1906, p. 36); von Mach, 235; Baum., II, p. 843, fig. 925; _Mon. d. I._, V, 1849-53, Pl. XIII; Rayet, II, Pl. 47 (text by Collignon); Overbeck, II, p. 157, fig. 182; Collignon, II, p. 415, fig. 218; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. XXXIV and pp. 107-10; Springer-Michaelis, p. 337, fig. 603; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 2; Clarac, V, 848B, 2168A; F. W., 1264; etc.

[2032] _Cf._ F. W., p. 449, paragraph 2 of the notes. E. Braun (_Annali_, L, 1850, pp. 223 f.) first identified the statue with Lysippos’ _Apoxyomenos_; _cf._ also Brunn (_Bulletino d. Inst._, 1851, p. 91).

[2033] _Cf._ Becker, _Gallus_,^3 III, p. 108; and especially J. Kueppers, Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos, in _Progr. des Bonner Gymnas._, 1869.

[2034] _H. N._, XXXIV, 62.

[2035] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 65.

[2036] Especially its surface modeling was supposed to confirm Pliny’s criticism of the master: _op. cit._, XXXIV, 65.

[2037] _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, p. 39.

[2038] Unless we except the Athenian torso to be mentioned _infra_, p. 290, n. 4.

[2039] _Cf._ Tarbell, _Congress of Arts and Sciences_, St. Louis, 1904, III, p. 614.

[2040] _De Alex. Magn. fort. aut virt._, _Orat._ II, 2 (p. 335, b, c); _S. Q._, no. 1479.

[2041] _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 130, n. 28; it is also quoted by Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 220-1.

[2042] See Ada Maviglia, _L’attività artistica di Lisippo ricostruita su nuova base_, 1914. For the Uffizi statue, see _supra_, pp. 136-137.

[2043] In his discussion of the Athenian torso, which he believed was another copy of the original of the Vatican statue: _A. M._, II, 1877, pp. 57-8, Pl. IV; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 819, 1. This torso had the left leg free, while the Vatican one had the right one free; it is also dry and hard in its technique.

[2044] That of Emil Braun, in _Annali_, L, 1850, p. 249.

[2045] _E. g._, Loewy, _R. M._, XVI, 1901, p. 392. Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1904, II, p. 379, n. 1, says that the _Agias_ “_dem Lysipp gaenzlich ferne steht_,” and assigns it to an Athenian artist.

[2046] Especially the Gardner brothers: P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 130-131 (where he identifies the _Apoxyomenos_ with the _Perixyomenos_ of Daïppos, the son or pupil of Lysippos, a work mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 87); _ibid._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f., especially p. 236 (on pp. 255 f. he dates the _Apoxyomenos_ just after 300 B. C., though ultimately deriving it from the school of Lysippos); _id._, _Class. Rev._, 1913, p. 56; E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 222; _Hbk._, p. 443. T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 292, makes the _Agias_ the centre of his treatment of Lysippos. Still others who think that the two statues can not be by the same sculptor are cited by Wolters, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, p. 44, n. 3. See also F. Paulson, _Delphi_, 1920, pp. 288-289.

[2047] _E. g._, Collignon, _Lysippe_, p. 31; Amelung, _R. M._, XX, 1905, pp. 144 f.; _id._, _Vat._, I, p. 87 (where he says that the _Agias_ offers the closest analogies in style to the _Apoxyomenos_); Michaelis, _Die archaeol. Entdeckungen des 19ten Jahrh._, 1906, p. 276; _A Century of Archæological Discoveries_ (transl. of preceding, by Bettina Kahnweiler, 1908), p. 323; _id._, Springer-Michaelis, p. 335; for others, _cf._ Wolters, _l. c._, n. 2.

[2048] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 61 (= S. Q. no. 1444), quotes Douris as saying that Lysippos was the pupil of no artist. He tells how the painter Eupompos advised the sculptor as a boy _naturam ipsam imitandam, esse non artificem_. Such a judgment, of course, can not be literally true, as every artist is to a large extent a child of his age and circumstances. _Cf._ Jex-Blake, pp. xlviii f., for the anecdotal character of Pliny’s statement. That the statement comes, perhaps, from Eupompos is the view of Kalkmann, _Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des Plinius_, 1898, p. 165.

[2049] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598; _id._, XXIII, 1899, p. 471; _cf._ T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, _l. c._ On the relation of Skopas to Lysippos, see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 126 f., and E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 198. The influence of Skopas is especially observable in Lysippos’ treatment of forehead and eyes and in the consequent intensity of expression.

[2050] _Jb._, XXV, 1910, pp. 172-3.

[2051] See Wolters, _l. c._, pp. 45 f. Most scholars have followed the contention of Preuner that the statue at Pharsalos was the older: _e. g._, Kern, _I. G._, IX, 2, 249.

[2052] _Cf._ Hill, _op. cit._, p. 39.

[2053] _Mp._, p. 364 and n. 2; _Mw._, p. 597 and n. 3; for the Berlin athlete, see _Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt._, no. 471; for a copy of the Berlin head in the Museo delle Terme, Rome, see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1380 _bis_; _Jb._, XXVI, 1911, p. 278, n. 1; and _cf._ _R. M._, XX, 1905, pp. 147 f., figs. 5-7; for the Dresden statues, see Hettner, _Bildw. d. kgl. Antiken-samml._, nos. 245-6; one of these has a beardless head, which is analogous to a more beautiful head in Copenhagen: _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 1072. Of this head, which is earlier than that of the _Apoxyomenos_, Furtwaengler says that it is “one of the finest and most purely Lysippan works in existence.” In _Mp._, p. 338, he mentions a bronze statuette of Hermes from Athens now in Berlin (Invent. 6305) “in the swinging posture of the _Apoxyomenos_,” and says that it is of the purest Lysippan style.

[2054] _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 239-40 and Pl. XVI; Duetschke, IV, 151.

[2055] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 240; Mahler ascribes this work to Lysippos: _Polykl. u. s. Sch._, 1902, p. 153, n. 1.

[2056] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1747, p. 102; _Mp._, p. 298 and fig. 126; _Mw._, pp. 515 and 517 and fig. 93; _cf._ Mrs. Strong, in _Strena Helbigiana_, 1900, p. 297. It is 6 ft. 8 in. high without the plinth (Smith).

[2057] A better copy is the torso in the Louvre, _Photo Giraudon_, no. 1289; a head is in the Lateran, no. 891.

[2058] _De olymp. Stat._, Halle, 1902, and enlarged, 1903, pp. 27 f.

[2059] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LIV, 3-4, and Textbd., p. 209, fig. 237; _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, 1881, Pl. XX.

[2060] VI, 2.1.

[2061] The head is still exhibited at Olympia in the same room as the _Hermes_.

[2062] _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114; _cf._, _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, pp. 13-14.

[2063] _Olympia_^2, 1886, pp. 343 f. and Pl. XVI (right).

[2064] _Restauration d’Olympie_, 1889, p. 137.

[2065] In Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, _s. v._ Herakles, p. 2166.

[2066] _E. g._, Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189-226, especially p. 217; von Sybel, in _Luetzow’s Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_, N. F., II, pp. 253 f.

[2067] _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 209 and n. 1.

[2068] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 456-7.

[2069] _Polyklet u. seine Schule_, p. 149.

[2070] Preuner (_op. cit._, p. 12) dates the dedication 339-331 B. C.; Homolle (B. C. H., XVIII, 1899, p. 440) more closely, 338-334 B. C. Preuner dates Agias’ victory about 450 B. C.

[2071] Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 208, gives these measurements: height with neck, 0.270 meter; height of head alone, 0.215 meter; breadth of face, 0.127 meter; height of face, 0.155 meter.

[2072] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[2073] The hair, however, of the _Apoxyomenos_ is an exception, for, even if worked out with some care, it is devoid of expression.

[2074] The use of the drill is seen in the Praxitelian _Hermes_, but is not seen in the Tegea heads, nor is it common in the first half of the fourth century B. C.: _cf._ Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 309.

[2075] So Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 208 (though formerly in _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114, he called it a pancratiast with Herakles features); Reisch, p. 43, n. 1; Flasch, in Baum., p. 1104 00; Furtwaengler, in Roscher’s _Lex._, _s. v._ Herakles, I, 2, p. 2166; etc.

[2076] See pp. 75 and 94.

[2077] _E. g._, Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 208 f.

[2078] _Supra_, pp. 167 f.

[2079] Michaelis, pp. 451 f., no. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl. XL; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 297, fig. 125, _Mw._, p. 516, fig. 92; Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189 f., and Pls. VIII-IX; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 600; Clarac, V, 788, 1973; etc. It was found in 1790 in the ruins of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli.

[2080] VI, 1.4.

[2081] VI, 2.1.

[2082] VI, 5.1.

[2083] VI, 4.6.

[2084] VI, 17.3.

[2085] East of the temple of Zeus; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 342, n. 4.

[2086] See list in Hyde, pp. 3 f. Here nos. 91 and 136 refer to the same victor.

[2087] VI, 1.3.

[2088] _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 209. See Plans A and B.

[2089] P., VI, 1.4.

[2090] P., VI, 1.6.

[2091] P., VI, 3.2.

[2092] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 166 (Troilos), 160 (Kyniska), 172 (Sophios). See Plans A and B.

[2093] This fact, together with its place of finding not far from the Great Gymnasion, led Treu to believe that the statue once adorned the interior of the exercise-place of the athletes: _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 209.

[2094] The Praxitelian _Hermes_ similarly shows an unfinished treatment of the back hair; in fact the entire back of the statue is carelessly done (_Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 203, fig. 233), though chisel-rasps show a subsequent attempt to better it. This condition led Treu at first (_Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, p. 10; followed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 308, n. 7; _Mw._, p. 531, n. 3) to believe that the statue was made at Olympia with regard to its position in the Heraion. Later (_Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 204-5) Treu believed that this merely indicated that the statue was intended to stand against a wall; and since the present base is not the original one (see Bulle, _apud_ Purgold, _Ergebnisse v. Ol._, II, pp. 157 f.), that the statue was not originally meant for the temple, but was moved thither, perhaps in Nero’s day; _cf._ also Wernicke, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 108 f. For the _Hermes_, mentioned by P., V, 17.3, and found in the cella of the Heraion on May 8, 1877, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XLIX-LIII; Textbd., pp. 194 f. and figs. 225-234.

[2095] However, Lysippos made the statue of Polydamas of Skotoussa, who won the pankration in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.), many years after the victory: see P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; H. L. von Urlichs, _Ueber Griech. Kunstschriftsteller_, Diss. inaug., 1887, p. 26.

[2096] P. 27.

[2097] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; _cf._ P., VI, 1. 4 (both victories wrongly in Ol. 102); Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345.

[2098] Date given by P., VI, 4.2. See Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.

[2099] For the earlier dating of Lysippos, see Winter, _Jb._, VII, 1892, p. 169 (who begins the artist’s activity with the seventies), Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 211, and Milchhoefer, _Arch. Stud. fuer H. Brunn_, p. 66, n. 2; see also Hyde, pp. 26-7, (who gives the sculptor’s artistic activity as Ols. 103-115 = 368-320 B. C.); E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 216-217, who dates his activity 366-316 B. C.; P. Gardner, _infra_, next note.

[2100] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 243-249; on p. 245 he says: “There is some evidence for work by Lysippos at a later date than B. C. 320. And if he were born, as seems probable, about B. C. 390, he may well have accepted commissions, to be executed mainly by his pupils, for several years after 320.”

[2101] P., VI, 4, 6-7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392, who, on the basis of _I. G. B._, p. 75, to no. 93b, dates the victories Ols. (?) 112 and 113 (= 332 and 328 B. C.).

[2102] _L. c._, p. 246.

[2103] P., VI, 17, 3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (= Ols. ? 113 and 114, = 328 and 324 B. C. on the basis of _I. G. B._, p. 75).

[2104] _E. g._, Furtwaengler, who gives 350-300 B. C. as the period of his artistic activity: _Mw._, p. 523, n. 3.

[2105] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598 (and copied in XXIII, 1899, p. 422). The _Agias_ is but slightly later than the _Hermes_, if we accept Furtwaengler’s dating for the latter, about 343 B. C.: _Mp._, pp. 307-308; _Mw._, pp. 529-531. Brunn had regarded the _Hermes_ as a youthful work of Praxiteles: _Deutsche Rundschau_, VIII, 1882, pp. 188 f. Purgold, _Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet_, pp. 233 f., and S. Reinach, _Gaz. Arch._, 1887, p. 282, n. 9, had assigned it to the year 363 B. C.

[2106] _H. N._, XXXIV, 37.

[2107] _Ibid._, 61 f.

[2108] The two are contrasted in XXXV, 156: _[Varro] laudat et Pasitelen qui plasticen matrem caela turae et statuariae scalpturaeque (= sculpturae) dixit_, etc. _Cf. infra_, Ch. VII, p. 324, n. 4. They are also contrasted in XXXVI, 15. _Sculptura_ is the modern title of Bk. XXXVI.

[2109] II, p. 150. See also Bulle, p. 137. Amongst recent writers who oppose this view are Koepp, _Ueber d. Bildnisse Alex. d. Gr._, p. 29, and Preuner, _op. cit._, pp. 46-7.

[2110] Thus the Sikyonian Kanachos worked in marble, bronze, gold and ivory, and cedar-wood: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 50 and 75; XXXVI, 41; P., II, 10.5; IX, 10.2; etc.

[2111] F. Spiro, _Woch. f. kl. Philologie_, XXI, 1904, col. 792 (in his review of my _de olymp. Stat. a Paus. commem._).

[2112] See _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 1-3; Textbd., pp. 209 f.

[2113] This is substantially Preuner’s view: _op. cit._, pp. 39-40 and 46-47; the later view of P. Wolters that the Delphi group was older than the statue at Pharsalos has already been mentioned _supra_, p. 292; see _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 44-45.

[2114] In _A. J. A._, XI, 1907, pp. 414-16, I argued that the statue of Agias was an original and not a copy; in the present work this view is somewhat modified.

[2115] So Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 445 and 459; S. Reinach, _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1900, pp. 8 f.; H. Lechat, _Rev. des Études anciennes_, II, 1900, pp. 195 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 441; P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 127; _cf._ Preuner, _op. cit._, p. 38; etc. Homolle, _l. c._, p. 471, says that if the _Agias_ is a copy, “_c’est celui d’une copie authentique immédiate, contemporaine du modèle_.” The view that the Delphi group was not original is well expressed by P. Wolters, _l. c._, p. 50, who says that “_niemand die delphischen Statuen fuer Originale des Lysippos erklaeren wird_.”

[2116] _Hbk._, p. 441, n. 2; only two small marble props, reaching to the calves, support the ankles.

[2117] This treatment gives the impression of texture and profusion; see Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 309.

[2118] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 69-71 (list of bronze works).

[2119] Mechanically exact copies were unknown in the fourth century B. C. Furtwaengler has shown that such copies began to be made in the second century B. C., or possibly at the end of the third, and became common only in the first: _Ueber Statuencopien im Altertum_, 1896.

[2120] It is mentioned by Pausanias, IX, 35.3, and the Surname “_Oulios_” by Strabo, XIV, 1.6 (C. 635); it is described by Plutarch, _de Musica_, 14 (= 1136 A), and Macrobius, _Sat._, I, 1713.

[2121] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293.

[2122] Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, p. 299, 8-9; _cf._ Athen., X, 24 (p. 424 f.). It appears on Athenian coins also: see Frazer, V, p. 174, figs. 8-9.

[2123] P., VIII, 46.3; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75. _Cf._ Brunn, I, pp. 74 f.

[2124] P., IX, 10.2.

[2125] _Op. cit._ The transference to the minor arts—reliefs, coins, gems and vase-paintings—was, of course, especially common at all times. See also F. Hauser, _Die neu-attischen Reliefs_, 1889, and Flasch, _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 119.

[2126] P., VI, 8.5 and VII, 27.5. He won the pankration in Ol. 94 (= 404 B. C.): Hyde, 81; Foerster, 286.

[2127] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 616-20 (Homolle).

[2128] See Amelung, _R. M._, IX, 1894, pp. 162 f. and Pl. VII. _Cf._, Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 190-191, and fig. 222 B, on pp. 188-189.

[2129] _J. H. S._, XXIX, 1909, pp. 151-2, fig. 1 a and b (F. H. Marshall).

[2130] XIII, 1909, pp. 151-7, with Pl. IV and figs. 1-3 (A head of Heracles in the style of Scopas.)

[2131] _Ibid._, pp. 156 and 157.

[2132] _Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin_, VIII, no. 46 (Aug., 1910), p. 26.

[2133] II, 10.1.

[2134] F. Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner, p. 30 (reprinted from articles which appeared in the _J. H. S._, VI-VIII, 1885-1887).

[2135] Discussed by Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189-226. For the coin, see _ibid._, pp. 212-14.

[2136] For the two heads of heroes, see Kabbadias, pp. 154 f., nos. 179, 180; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 33; B. B., no. 44; Collignon, II, pp. 239, figs. 118 and 119; _Ant. Denkm._, I, 3, 1888, Pl. XXXV, 2-3, 4-5 (from casts); Milchhoefer, _A. M._, IV, 1879, pp. 133-4, nos. 24-25; G. Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 98 f.; Luetzow, _Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst_, XVII, 1882, pp. 322 f.; Baum., III, pp. 1667 f. and figs. 1733 and 1734; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, pp. 255 f.; Springer-Michaelis, p. 306, figs. 544, a, b; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 412, fig. 105; von Mach, 469.

[2137] VIII, 45.6-7; see Mendel, _B. C. H._, XXV, 1901, pp. 257 f., and Pls. IV, V (= head of Atalanta?), VI (= torso of Atalanta?), VII, VIII (= heads of Herakles); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 416, fig. 106, has reconstructed the _Atalanta_ from Pls. IV and VI just mentioned.

[2138] _L. c._, p. 259. The head has been restored by a German sculptor, and the chin appears to have been made too retreating: see _Encyl. Brit._, 11th ed., vol. XII, _s. v._ “Greek Art,” Pl. III, fig. 63.

[2139] From his Atalanta of Tegea, in _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 172-3, quoted in part by Dr. Bates, _l. c._, pp. 155-6.

[2140] It was chiefly the preponderance of the lower part of the face over the upper, in consequence of the large chin and strongly marked cheek-bones, that led Treu to predicate Peloponnesian rather than Attic influence in the Tegea heads: _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 408. He found them Polykleitan in character, as did also Graef, _l. c._, p. 210, Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 523, and Collignon, II, p. 238. L. R. Farnell, however, long ago combated the theory of Peloponnesian influence, and found analogies in fifth-century Attic works of the time of Pheidias, as well as in works from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.: see _J. H. S._, VII, 1886, pp. 114 f.

[2141] _Descriptiones stat._, B (in _Philostrati opera_, ed. Kayser, p. 891). He also says (_ibid._) that Skopas ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος ἐπιπνοίας κινηθεὶς εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀγάλματος δημιουργίαν τὴν θεοφορίαν ἐφῆκε. The words with which Diodoros (Fragm. 1, Bk. XXVI) characterized Praxiteles, as ὁ καταμίξας ἄκρως τοῖς λιθίνοις ἔργοις τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς πάθη, apply much better to Skopas, for Praxiteles’ “emotions of the soul” are mood and temperament rather than emotion and passion.

[2142] _B. C. H._, XXV, 1901, Pls. IV-V.

[2143] The same overhanging masses of flesh, which we see in the male heads, are, however, visible in several other female heads attributed to Skopas: _e. g._, in the colossal one called _Artemisia_ from the Eastern pediment of the Mausoleion: Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LIX; in the head of an _Aphrodite_ found in the sea off Laurion: _J. H. S._, XV, 1895, pp. 194f. and fig. (Aphrodite?); in the head of a goddess found south of the Akropolis (and in the copy of it in Berlin): Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 457, fig. 119; and in the Dresden statuette of a _Mænad_: Treu, _Mélanges Perrot_, Pl. V; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LII; etc.; they are also plainly visible in the _Demeter of Knidos_: Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LIII; etc. These heads are discussed by Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 190f., and are ascribed by him to Skopas.

[2144] _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, p. 174. Gardner (_ibid._) does not explain this contrast in expression between the _Atalanta_ and the surrounding heroes on the analogy of the contrast in the calmness of _Apollo_ among the struggling _Lapiths_ from the Olympia pediment, since the action in the torso of _Atalanta_ shows that she was no mere spectator. He finds the explanation rather in the sex and youth of the heroine; for this reason he thinks that the sculptor did not represent her as sharing equally with the others the passion of the combat. He finds a truer analogy in the contrast between calm and passion in the _Lapiths_ and _Centaurs_ of the Parthenon metopes, where the human and bestial are thus distinguished; just so the heroine-goddess is here distinguished from her human companions. He also supposes that Skopas was not ready thus early in his career (just after 395 B. C., when the temple of Athena Alea was destroyed by fire) to apply his new extreme of expression to female heads. However, it must not be overlooked that these male heads—because of their marked individuality—presuppose a more mature genius, and so can just as well be assigned to the period of the Arkadian revival of 370 B. C. It has recently been seriously disputed whether the _Atalanta_ should be assigned at all to the Eastern pediment, where the French excavators placed it; thus Cultrera has looked upon it as an akroterion figure, while Thiersch and Neugebauer have identified it with a single figure representing _Nike_. See Cultrera, _Atti dell’ Accad. dei Lincei_, 1910, pp. 22f.; H. Thiersch, Zum Problem des Tegeatempels, _Jb._, XXVIII, 1913, p. 270; Neugebauer, _Studien ueber Skopas_, Leipsic, 1913; the latter has argued that the head and torso do not belong together, while Dugas has maintained the older view, that the turn and position of the neck fit the torso: _Rev. de l’art anc. et mod._, 1911, pp. 9f.

[2145] The effect in the Tegea heads is heightened by the abrupt transition from the brow to the socket—the outer end of the upper lid being almost hidden.

[2146] Kabbadias, I, p. 416, no. 869; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 168 f. and fig.; Conze, _Griech. Grabreliefs_, IX, 1897, no. 1055 and Pl. CCXI; B. B., 469; Bulle, 267; von Mach, 369; P. Gardner, _Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896, Pl. XIV and p. 152; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXV and p. 208; Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 199 f.; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, fig. 204; _id._, _Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst_, N. F., II, p. 293; _cf._ Wolters, _A. M._, XVIII, 1893, p. 6. It is 1.68 meters in height and 1.07 in breadth (Staïs). The likeness of the head of the athlete in this relief to that of the _Agias_ is striking.

[2147] It was formerly in the Sala di Meleagro, but was later removed to the Sala degli animali; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 128, and Nachtrag; _Guide_, I, p. 78, no. 133; Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 33, no. 10, and Pls. II and XII; B. B., 386; von Mach, 216; _id._, _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, 1903, pp. 279 f.; Bulle, p. 484, fig. 145; _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 1a, 1b (head); Graef, _R. M._, IV, pp. 218 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, 1, 479, 2; Clarac, 805, 2021. It is 2.10 meters high (Amelung).

[2148] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 28.

[2149] _Mp._, 296 f.; _cf._ Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, p. 450, n. 2. Furtwaengler thought that the head was Attic and believed that it was the direct successor of the Munich _Oil-pourer_ (Pl. 11), the _Standing Diskobolos_ of the Vatican (Pl. 6), the Florence _Apoxyomenos_ (Pl. 12), and analogous to the Ilissos relief (Fig. 74), two bronze heads from Herculaneum (a = F. W., 1302, and Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercol._, Pl. VII, 3; b = _ibid._, Pl. X, 2), and other works; Graef, _op. cit._, p. 199, and Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 198-9, regard it as Skopasian; Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 60, n. 3, believes that it shows Polykleitan influence.

[2150] _Ancient Marbles in Great Britain_, p. 451.

[2151] P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 128 (_cf._ XXV, 1895, p. 240), has called it “definitely a Lysippic work”; similarly Cultrera, Una Statua di Ercole, _Mem. della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, p. 188; recently, T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, pp. 297-298.

[2152] _Op. cit._, pp. 219 f.

[2153] Von Mach, 214; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 484, 1; another in Copenhagen: Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. XXXII (opp. p. 98); a head is also in the Ny-Carlsberg collection there: _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 362 and Pl. 100.

[2154] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 2a, 2b, p. 29 (Petersen); Collignon, II, p. 250, fig. 127; Bulle, 212 and fig. 144, on p. 481; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XV. For the _Apollo_ torso, see M. D., I, no. 215.

[2155] Mentioned in _Not. Scav._, 1895, p. 196, and figs. 1-2, and in _R. M._, X, p. 92 (Petersen); briefly described by R. Norton, _Harvard Graduates’ Magazine_, VIII, 1900 (June), pp. 485 f.; von Mach, 215; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 555, 6. _Cf._ _A. J. A._, IV, 1900, p. 275 and V, 1901, pp. 29 f. (latter = abstract of paper by von Mach). The Cambridge copy was found about 300 feet from the spot where the Berlin copy was discovered.

[2156] _H. N._, XXXIV, 66; in the text, _et Alexandrum Thespiis venatorem_, it is best to understand _venatorem_ as an appositive, therefore indicating a statue of Alexander as hunter. As the boar (in the bronze original no support was necessary) is a Roman accessory like the chlamys, it is best to call the work under discussion not _Meleager_, but merely hunter and dog (so Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, _l. c._). It was probably dedicated by a successful hunter to Artemis, or else it was a grave-monument, as such figures are common on sarcophagi: see Robert, _Ant. Sarcoph. Reliefs_, IV, Pls. XLVII, 154, and XLIX, 155, pp. 188 f.; and also on Attic grave-reliefs: _e. g._, on the Ilissos relief mentioned above (Fig. 74).

[2157] Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 304-5; Furtw.-Urlichs, Amelung, Helbig, von Mach, Arndt, E. Sellers-Strong (see introduction to Furtw., _Mp._, p. XIII), etc.

[2158] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 128-129.

[2159] _Sculpt._, p. 219.

[2160] _Cf._ P. Gardner, _Types of Greek Coins_, 1883, Pl. XII, 16.

[2161] Pl. LXIX in _Six Greek Sculptors_. E. A. Gardner (p. 226) is doubtless right in believing that this form of brow was a personal peculiarity of Alexander, as it recurs so often in his portraits. It is seen in the head of Alexander on the sarcophagus from Sidon (either by a pupil of Lysippos or by some sculptor under his influence), the reliefs from which portray the same subject as the bronze group by Lysippos in Delphi mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 64, dedicated by Krateros on the occasion narrated by Plutarch, _Vita Alex. Magni_, 40, who states that the group was executed conjointly with Leochares: see Hamdy Bey et Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892, Pl. XXXIII, no. 6 (reproduced by Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXI). So far as I know, it occurs in Lysippan work to a prominent degree only in likenesses of Alexander. We know that Lysippos created the Alexander-type of head, as he alone could reproduce his manly and leonine air (_cf._ Plut., _de Alex. M. fortuna aut virtute_, _oratio_ II, 2, = p. 335). It is, to a less extent, present in the Azara head in the Louvre, which, owing to its likeness to the head of the _Apoxyomenos_, used to be taken as the nearest copy of the original by Lysippos.

[2162] It should be observed that the axis of the right eye in the head from Sparta droops slightly, which causes the eyeball to turn in. This seems to me to be merely the result of imperfect skill in modeling. It has a tendency to give to the face a look of greater intensity.

[2163] See _supra_, pp. 295-6.

[2164] _B. C. H._ XXIII, 1899, p. 455. Furtwaengler, _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 10 f., has shown that it was a favorite device to represent boxers and pancratiasts with a sombre look (“_der finstere Blick_”).

[2165] 1102: κοὐδεὶς τροπαῖ’ ἔστησε τῶν ἐμῶν χερῶν.

[2166] In the passage already cited from _de Alex. Magn. fort. aut virtute_, Orat. II, 2, (= p. 385c); ... καὶ τῶν ὀμμάτων τὴν διάχυσιν καὶ ὑγρότητα, κ. τ. λ.; _cf._ also his _Vita Alex. Magni_, IV (= p. 666), ... τὴν ὑγρότητα τῶν ὀμμάτων.

[2167] The hair of the head from Sparta, like that of the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_, has not the expression displayed in some Lysippan heads (notably in portraits of Alexander), nor the detail which we should expect from Pliny’s statement that Lysippos excelled in his treatment of hair (_H. N._, XXXIV, 65; see next note). But the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_ represent pancratiasts, and here we should not expect such expression. In the _Agias_, the hair, even if lacking in detail, is treated carefully and with variety.

[2168] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65: _propriae huius videntur esse argutiae operum custoditae in minimis quoque rebus_. Here the word _argutiae_ means “subtlety,” rather than “animation,” as given in Harper’s Latin Dictionary.