Chapter 16
Part 16
[2169] I need hardly add that such an idealizing tendency should be carefully distinguished from the deification of mortals which came into prominence after the time of Alexander, but existed in Greece from the early fifth century B. C., at least. The case of heroizing the Thasian Theagenes, who won at Olympia in boxing and the pankration in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 475 B. C.), has been discussed with similar ones in Ch. I, p. 35. But the fact that a victor wanted his statue to be more or less assimilated to the ideal type of the hero, whom he regarded as his athletic prototype and ideal, does not mean that he had any idea of looking upon himself as a god.
[2170] This would explain the simple, even sketchy, treatment of the closely cropped hair, just as in the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_. The similarly parted lips of the Sparta head are certainly more appropriate to an athlete represented as weary with his toil than to a youthful Herakles. The slightly fierce expression of the face, augmented by the already noted imperfection in the modeling of the right eyeball, recalls the γοργόν look characteristic of boxers and pancratiasts; _cf. supra_, p. 317, n. 2. On the threatening eyes of contestants in general, see Xenophon, _Mem._, III, 10, 6-8, and _supra_, p. 59.
The head appears to me to be that of a boy of about sixteen years; its style is too early for a victor in the boys’ pankration, as this event was not introduced at Olympia until the 145th Olympiad (= 200 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.11 and Ph., 13. The wrestling match for boys was introduced in 01. 37 (= 632 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.9, and Afr. Boys were first allowed to box in Ol. 41 (= 616 B. C.): see Paus., _ibid._ (though Philostratos, 13, gives two traditions, Ols. 41 and 60).
[2171] We have record of only one statue of a victor set up in Sparta, that of the wrestler Hetoimokles, who won at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: see Paus., III, 13.9, and _cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 362, no. 4.
[2172] In the present chapter I have partly rewritten two articles which have appeared in the _A. J. A._; the first, entitled, Were Olympic Victor Statues Exclusively of Bronze?, in vol. XIX, 2d Ser., 1915, pp. 57-62; the second, The Oldest Dated Victor Statue, in vol. XVIII, 2d Ser., 1914, pp. 156-164 and Fig. I. I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Paton, former editor-in-chief, for permission to use them in the present work.
[2173] On p. 16 he says: _id unum dubitari non potest quin Olympionicarum statuae posteriorum temporum omnes ad unam aeneae fuerint_; on p. 17 he again says: _fieri non potest quin existimemus illas statuas omnes ex aere factas fuisse_.
[2174] _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235.
[2175] II, 2, p. 530 (note on P., VI, 1.1).
[2176] F. W., under no. 213, p. 101.
[2177] _Denkm._^3, p. 101; Engl. ed., p. 117.
[2178] VI, 1.1-18.7.
[2179] Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.; and _cf._ Brunn, I, p. 72. See _supra_, Ch. III, School of Argos, pp. 109-110.
[2180] Brunn, I, p. 34; etc.
[2181] The inscription gives a fragmentary enumeration of various victories: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 234, p. 346; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 360 and n. 3.
[2182] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 235, pp. 346-347; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 360 and n. 4.
[2183] Ch. IV, pp. 254-5; _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 10-11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2, 2a; F. W., 322; etc.
[2184] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 11-12; Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; F. W., 324. See _supra_, p. 255.
[2185] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 12; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, 5, 5a. Furtwaengler assigned it to a statue “_freien Stiles_.” _Cf._ F. W., 325.
[2186] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 22; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, no. 63. Even the veins are here indicated.
[2187] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 12-13; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, etc., and see text on p. 16. In this connection we have omitted bronze fragments in modern museums known to have once stood in the Altis, _e. g._, the head from Beneventum (Fig. 3) in the Louvre: B. B., 324; von Mach, 481. These have been already discussed in Ch. II, pp. 62 f.
[2188] E. Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, 1851-2, I, p. 85; II, pp. 16 and 96, n. 14; F. Dahn, Die Germanen in Griechenland, in _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 128 f. Of course, long before the barbarians entered Greece many of the best of these statues had been removed to Italy by Roman generals and emperors, especially Nero, and others were destroyed in various ways.
[2189] He won in Ol. 59 (= 544 B. C.): P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187; Foerster, 113.
[2190] He won in Ol. 61 (= 536 B. C.): P., _l. c._; Hyde, 188; Foerster, 120.
[2191] That of Rhexibios was of fig-wood and that of Praxidamas of cypress, and consequently less decayed than the other. We know that cypress-wood was largely used for the early ξόανα because of its hardness and durability: _e. g._, the gilded statue in Ephesos, mentioned by Xenophon, _Anab._, V, 3.12. Theophrastos speaks of the durability of this wood: _de Plant. hist._, V, 4.2 (χρονιώτατα δοκεῖ τὰ κυπαρίττινα εἶναι). _Cf._ Hehn, _Kulturpflanzen und Haustiere_^6, 1894, pp. 276 f.; H. Bluemner, _Technologie und Terminologie d. Gewerbe und Kuenste bei Griechen und Roemern_, 1879, II, pp. 257 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 625.
[2192] VII, 27.5. Scherer also, p. 18, n. 4, adduces a passage from the work of the second-century A. D. rhetorician Aristeides, κατὰ τῶν ἐξορχ., II, p. 544 (ed. Dindorf), which he thinks points to the exclusive use of metal for victor statues: τοὺς ἐπὶ στεφανιτῶν ἀγώνων σκεψώμεθα, οἷον τὸν Δωριέα ... καὶ πάντας, ὧν εἰκόνες χαλκαί; he also refers to a passage in Dio Chrysost., _Orat._, XXVIII, A, p. 531 R (289 M).
[2193] F. W., no. 213, p. 101; Scherer, p. 18, n. 3; Vischer, _Aesthetik_, III, §607, p. 377; and _cf._ S. Reinach, _R. Ét. Gr._, XX, p. 413.
[2194] See Koehler, _Gesam. Schriften_ (ed. Stephani), VI, p. 345.
[2195] VI, 1.2.
[2196] See Hyde, _op. cit._, Catalogue, pp. 3-24. There 188 victors are listed, Philon of Corcyra appearing twice, nos. 91 and 136.
[2197] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16.
[2198] P., VI, 1.1, says that not all victors set up statues. This has been discussed in Ch. I, p. 27.
[2199] Pliny differentiates carefully between _ars sculptura_ (_i. e._, sculpture in stone) and _ars statuaria_ (_i. e._, in bronze): thus Bk. XXXIV of the _H. N._ is concerned with the latter, Bk. XXXVI with the former. In XXXVI, 15, he says that _sculptura_ is the older, and that both bronze statuary and painting began with Pheidias in Ol. 83 (= 448-445 B. C.), a statement which is inconsistent with XXXIV, 83, where he speaks of Theodoros (of the middle or second half of the sixth century B. C.) as casting a likeness of himself in bronze. But it is well known that Pliny in his long work quotes from a variety of sources, without any attempt to reconcile them.
[2200] Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 414, says, less correctly, one-sixth. Forty inscribed bases may be referred to victor statues mentioned by Pausanias, while 63 others have been referred to victor statues not mentioned by him: see _infra_, Ch. VIII, pp. 340 f., 353 f.
[2201] Taken from Treu’s account in _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 29-34 and 216-218.
[2202] Chapter III, _supra_, pp. 162-3; _a_ = _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4 (with fragments, _ibid._, 5-6, 7-8, and figs. 30-32 in the text); _b_ = _ibid._, Pl. VI, 9-10.
[2203] Textbd., p. 216, fig. 241; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2. Furtwaengler, despite the size and material of this torso, ascribed it to the statue of a boy victor: _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890, pp. 147-148; similarly Treu, _l. c._; both refer it to the fifth century B. C. and to a Peloponnesian sculptor.
[2204] Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3; F. W., 330.
[2205] Tafelbd., Pl. LVI. 4.
[2206] P. 216, n. 4 and fig. 242; _a_ = buttocks; _b_ = right upper leg; _c_ = bent upper leg with knee; _d_ = upper arm bent at elbow.
[2207] V, 17.3; here he enumerates images of ivory and gold, the marble _Hermes_ of Praxiteles, an _Aphrodite_ in bronze. Similarly, in II, 17.6, he mentions dedications, of different materials, in the Heraion of Argos; in I, 26.3, he mentions a bronze statue of Olympiodoros at Delphi dedicated by the Phokians, but says nothing of the material of two statues at Athens, where most of the offerings were marble; in I, 28.1, he speaks of a bronze statue of Kylon on the Akropolis; etc.
[2208] P., VIII, 40.1; to be discussed in the second part of the present chapter, pp. 326 f.
[2209] _R. Ét. Anc._, X, 1908, pp. 161 f.
[2210] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XLVI-XLVIII; Textbd., pp. 182 f. and Figs. 210 f.; and _Ergebnisse_, II (_Baudenkmaeler_), Pl. XCIII (basis) and pp. 153-5; _cf._ P., V, 26.1.
[2211] P., V, 17.3 (already mentioned on p. 325, n. 3).
[2212] See Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 216. To-day marble is far commoner than bronze for artistic work; the reverse was true in antiquity. Many varieties of bronze—a combination of copper and tin in varying proportions—were named from places where it was manufactured: _e. g._, Corinthian, Delian (the favorite with Myron), Aeginetan (the favorite with Polykleitos), etc.
[2213] _Cf._ Furtwaengler, _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 21-2; _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 147; Reisch, p. 39. Good examples are the Tuebingen bronze hoplitodrome discussed in Ch. IV, pp. 206 f. (Fig. 42) and the παῖς κέλης from Dodona (Carapanos, _Dodone et ses Ruines_, Pl. XIII. 1). For diskoboloi, see E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pls, XXXV, 1, XXXVII, 4.
[2214] VIII, 40.1: Φιγαλεῦσι δὲ ἀνδριάς ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς Ἀρ<ρα>χίωνος τοῦ παγκρατιαστοῦ, τά τε ἄλλα ἀρχαῖος καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐπὶ τῷ σχήματι· οὐ διεστᾶσι μὲν πολὺ οἱ πόδες, καθεῖνται δὲ παρὰ πλευρὰν αἱ χεῖρες ἄχρι τῶν γλουτῶν. πεποίηται μὲν δὴ ἡ εἰκὼν λίθου, λέγουσι δὲ καὶ ἐπίγραμμα ἐπ’ αὐτὴν γραφῆναι. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἠφάνιστο ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου, κ. τ. λ.
On the various spellings of the name, Arrhachion, Arrhachon, Arrhichion, etc., see critical note in Rutgers, p. 19, and Foerster, no. 103.
[2215] Both Africanus (see Rutgers, _l. c._), and Pausanias (_l. c._) date the third victory. Pausanias and Philostratos, 21, place the other two victories in the Ols. just preceding. _Cf._ Rutgers, p. 20, n. 1, and Foerster, nos. 98, 101, 103. The story how Arrhachion expired at the moment of victory, throttled by his adversary, whose toe he succeeded in putting out of joint, is told by Africanus, Pausanias (VIII, 40.2), and Philostratos (_Imag._, II, 6 = p. 411); Pausanias also mentions that the body was crowned.
[2216] Frazer, IV, pp. 391-2; III, pp. 40-1. The statue has otherwise not been published. In all probability it is the same one listed by Waldemar Deonna, in his _Les Apollons archaïques_, Geneva, 1909, p. 187, no. 79. This was seen at Phigalia in 1891 by M. Chamonard and notices of it are to be found in the following works: _B. C. H._, XV, 1891, pp. 440 and 448; _Chroniques d’Orient_, II, p. 36; _R. Ét. gr._, 1892, p. 127; Mueller, _Nacktheit und Entbloessung in d. altoriental. und aelteren griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1906, p. 100; Rouse, p. 307.
Pausanias’ description of Arrhachion’s statue is discussed by the following: Scherer, pp. 16 and 23; Iwan v. Mueller, _Handbuch_, VI, p. 530: Dumont, _Mélanges d’ Arch._, p. 53; Lange, _Darstellung des Menschen in der aelteren griech. Kunst_, 1899; Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, II, p. 73; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 12, no. 9; Klein, p. 146; Reisch, p. 40; Collignon, I, p. 117, n. 1, and _B. C. H._, V, 1881, p. 321; _cf._ Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 13, n. 4.
[2217] See Lange, _op. cit._, pp. XI f., who states the formula, which we have already given _supra_, Ch. IV, p. 175, _cf._ Loewy, _Die Naturwiedergabe in der aelteren griech. Kunst_, 1900, pp. 25, 27; _id._, _Lysipp und seine Stellung in der griech. Kunst_, pp. 17-18. On the pose, _cf._ S. Reinach, _Manuel de Philologie classique_ (ed. 2), 1907, II, p. 91 n. 2.
[2218] Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 85, says that the size of the αἰδοῖα is an indication of archaism, as the earlier artists exaggerated them in order to show the sex better. Figs. 7 (example from the Kerameikos) and 72 (example from Delphi), on pp. 132 and 179 respectively of his work, resemble our statue in this feature.
[2219] I, pp. 21 f.; _cf._ _Rhein. Mus._, N. F., X, 1856, pp. 153 f.
[2220] See bibliography in Collignon, I, pp. 117-18; _cf._ G. Kieseritzky, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 182 f.
[2221] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 55 f.
[2222] _Mw._, p. 712.
[2223] I, pp. 117-19; more fully in _Gaz. Arch._, 1886, pp. 235 f.; _cf._ also his later treatment in _Mon. Piot_, XX, 1913, pp. 5 f.; he assumes less influence in the corresponding archaic draped female type. _Cf._ also, for a similar view, F. W., p. 11 (to no. 14); von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, p. 114; Kieseritzky, _l. c._; Loewy, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 243 f.; _cf._ _id._, _ibid._, XIV, 1911, pp. 1 f,; _id._, _Griech. Plastik_, 1911, p. 5. While Loewy believes Egyptian influence reached Greece via Crete, Poulson believes that it came via Phœnicia: see the latter’s _Der Orient u. d. fruehgriech. Kunst_, 1912, and _cf._ his article in _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXXIV, 1914, cols. 61 f.; Richardson, p. 39; E. Kroker, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 114 f.; etc.
[2224] _Gaz. B.-A._, XXI, 1899, pp. 177 f.; 313 f.; for a similar view, see also Overbeck, I, pp. 37 f.
[2225] _Les Apollons archaïques_, pp. 21 f.; _id._, _L’Archéologie, sa valeur, ses methodes_, II, pp. 193 f.; _id._, L’influence égyptienne sur l’attitude du type statuaire debout dans l’archaïsme grec, in _Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht_, 1914, pp. 102-142.
[2226] _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, 1903, p. 84. On p. 324, however, he admits Oriental influence on the Greek minor arts, especially that of Assyria on early vases.
[2227] So Pottier, _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 408 f.; _cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 47 f.; _Sculpt._, pp. 17 f.; etc.
[2228] Schliemann, _Orchomenos_, Pl. I (restored); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 543, fig. 220 (fragment), (restored on p. 544, fig. 221, from Schliemann); Springer-Michaelis, p. 115, fig. 246; etc.
[2229] _E. g._, I, 42.5; II, 19.3; VII, 5.5; _cf._ IV, 32.1.
[2230] I, 98.
[2231] Bulle dates the Old Kingdom from the 30th to the 25th centuries B. C. But early Egyptian dates are too unsettled to be discussed here. For a tabular view of the chronology of the Egyptian dynasties as given by different scholars—Sethe, Meyer, Petrie, Breasted, Maspero, etc., see _Encycl. Brit._, eleventh ed., vol. IX, p. 79 (in the article on Egypt, Chronology and History, by R. S. Poole and F. Ll. Griffith). Breasted, _A History of Egypt_^2, 1916, chart on p. 21, dates dynasties I-VI, 3400-2475 B. C.; XI-XVII, 2160-1580 B. C.; XVIII-(part of) XX, 1580-1150 B. C.
[2232] Both are given by Bulle, Pl. 5; _cf._ _id._, Pl. 37 (“Apollos” of Tenea and Volomandra); Ra-nefer, in Maspero, _Art in Egypt_, 1912, p. 82, fig. 148; Perrot-Chipiez, I, 1882, p. 655, fig. 436; Tepemankh, in Maspero, p. 84, fig. 155, and in Perrot-Chipiez, p. 678, fig. 461. The statue of Ra-nefer is 1.73 meters tall, that of Tepemankh 1.66 meters.
[2233] Ka-aper in Bulle, Pls. 6 and 7 (two views of the head); von Bissing, _Denkm. aegypt. Skulpt._, I, 1914, Pl. XI; Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 11, fig. 7; Maspero, _op. cit._, p. 83, figs. 151, 152; _id._, _Manual of Egyptian Archæology_, 1895, p. 218, fig. 188, and p. 221, fig. 191. The “wife,” in Bulle, Pl. 9 (two views); Maspero, p. 83, fig. 154; _id._, _Manual_, p. 222, fig. 192.
[2234] Breasted, _A History of Egypt_^2, _l. c._, dates dynasties XI-XII, 2160-1788 B. C.; the Hyksos, dynasties XIII-XVII, 1788-1580 B. C.
[2235] Bulle. Pls. 11 (two views) and 12 (head); von Bissing, _op. cit._, I, Pl. XL, A (left); Maspero, _Art in Egypt_, p. 110, figs. 203-204.
[2236] We should add to the New Empire the Deltaic dynasties, from the twenty-first on. Breasted, _l. c._, assigns to the New Empire dynasties XVIII-XIX and part of XX, 1580-1150 B. C.
[2237] Bulle, Pl. 17 (left); Maspero, _Hist. anc. des peuples de l’Orient classique_, II, p. 531; _id._, _Art in Egypt_, p. 201, fig. 390 (= the Lady Naï); _Mon. Piot_, II, 1895, Pls. II-IV.
[2238] Bulle, Pl. 17 (right); von Bissing, II, Pl. LXIV; Maspero, _Hist._, III, pp. 503-504 and Pl. II; _id._, _Art in Egypt_, p. 238, fig. 455; Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 714, fig. 481 (profile). Though the face is lifeless, the bust and lower trunk are delicately modeled.
[2239] We see the Egyptian treatment of the hair especially marked in the upper part of a stone “Apollo” discovered at Eleutherna in Crete, which is now in the Candia Museum: _Rendiconti della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, 1891, p. 599 (Loewy); _Rev. Arch._, 1893, Pls. III-IV (Joubin); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 147, fig. 21; Perrot-Chipiez, p. 431, fig. 208; etc.
[2240] _E. g._, in the statue of Ra-nefer.
[2241] _E. g._, in the statue of the _Sheik-el-Beled_.
[2242] High-placed ears are common to many archaic Greek works other than the “Apollos.” They persist even in some of the figures on the Parthenon frieze.
[2243] On these common characteristics, see Richardson, p. 39; _cf._ H. N. Fowler, _History of Sculpture_, 1916, pp. 59-60; etc.
[2244] Pottier, _op. cit._, p. 414, assumes a religious reason for the left foot being advanced in both types. For another, natural explanation, see Homolle, _de antiquiss. Dianae Simul._, p. 95, quoted by Collignon, I, p. 118, n. 3.
[2245] The Greeks first copied the type in statuettes: _e. g._, alabaster figurines from Naukratis: W. Flinders Petrie, _Naukratis_^2, 1888, I, Pls. 1, 3, 4; G. Kieseritzky, _Jb._, VII, 1892, Pl. VI (with head, three views); _ibid._ p. 189 (figure in Boston). Pottier, _op. cit._, p. 409, cites two alabaster examples from Egypt (probably from Naukratis) which are nude, and on Pl. XVII, he reproduces four terra-cotta draped figurines in the Louvre, of Phœnician manufacture, similar to Egyptian works. The nudity of the “Apollos” marks the distinction between Greek and barbarian art.
[2246] Brunn, in his _Kunst bei Homer_, 1868, quoted by Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 47, showed by a very true analogy the way in which the Greek artist became an imitator. The Greeks borrowed their alphabet from Phœnicia, but wrote Greek and not Phœnician with it; just so the Greek artist borrowed the alphabet of art from Egypt, but with it wrote his own language of art.
[2247] _Gesch. des Materialismus_,^3 I, p. 127 (quoted by F. W., on p. 12).
[2248] This is the view of K. Kouroniotis, who carefully examined them. I quote his words incorporated in Dr. Svoronos’ letter to me of Dec. 29, 1911: τὰ γράμματα ἐπὶ τοῦ κορμοῦ, νομίζω ὅτι δὲ ἔχουσι καμμίαν σημασίαν, ἴσως δὲ μάλιστα εἶνε τὰ χαράγματα νέου τινός.
The inscriptions on the great majority of victor monuments found at Olympia were engraved upon the horizontal upper face of the base in front of the feet—at least down to the fourth century B. C.: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235. Dittenberger and Purgold have referred two inscribed convex bronze fragments found in the Altis to the flanks of victor statues set up in imperial times: _ibid._, nos. 234-5.
[2249] Only one other victor from Phigalia is known, Narykidas, who won πάλῃ some time in the first half of the fourth century B. C., as the mutilated epigram and artist’s name found upon fragments of the pedestal of his statue at Olympia attest, a date out of the question for our statue: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 161: _cf._ P., VI, 6, 1; Foerster, no. 324.
[2250] P., VI, 15.8; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62.
[2251] P., I, 28.1; _cf._ for the date, Foerster, no. 55. See _infra_, p. 362.
[2252] P., III, 13.9; Foerster, nos. 86-90. See _infra_, p. 362.
[2253] P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6.
[2254] P., VI, 13.2; it was accordingly set up about Ols. 77-8 (= 472-468 B. C.): see Hyde, no. 111, and _cf._ p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-46. See _infra_, p. 362.
[2255] The god was so described in the Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, v. 134, and that to the Pythian Apollo, v. 272. On the grounds of long hair and nudity G. Koerte identified the example from Orchomenos: see his article, Die Antiken Skulpturen aus Boeotien, _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 305 f.
[2256] So Vitet, _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1862, p. 29.
[2257] See list in Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 13, n. 1.
[2258] _E. g._, on an amphora from Vienne: see _Annali_, XXI, 1849, Pl. D., and pp. 159 f.; on another from Nola, now in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, III, p. 230, E 336; _cf._ also _ibid._, E 313; on a wall-painting from Pompeii: _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 58; on a marble bas-relief in the Palazzo Corsini in Florence: Duetschke, II, p. 114, no. 283. These examples represent the god only.
[2259] I, 98. _Cf._ Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, II, p. 76, and _Griech. Kuenstler_, I, pp. 36-37, no. 11; Mueller, _Nacktheit und Entbloessung in d. altorient. und aelteren griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1906, pp. 112 and 122; Roscher, _Lex._, I, _s. v._ Apollon, p. 450; Overbeck, I, pp. 38 and 78.
[2260] P., VIII, 53. 7-8.
[2261] P., II, 32. 5; _cf._ IX, 35. 3; described by Plut., _de Musica_, 14 (p. 1136); _cf._ _Annali_, XXXVI, 1864, p. 254; etc. Discussed _infra_, p. 335 and n. 7.
[2262] See list in _B. M. Sculpt._, I, pp. 81 f. (from which we have taken some of the following examples).
[2263] Petrie, _Naukratis_, I, Pl. 1, fig. 4.
[2264] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 323.
[2265] Deonna, _op. cit._, nos. 1, 2; _cf._ _Gaz. Arch._, 1886, p. 235.
[2266] See Deonna, nos. 28 f.; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 66 f.; B. B., 12; etc.
[2267] _B. M. Sculpt._, no. 210.
[2268] _B. M. Sculpt._, nos. 202 (torso = Petrie, _Naukratis_, I, Pl. I, fig. 9) and 204 (torso = _Naukratis_, I, Pl. I, fig. 3).
[2269] _Ibid._, no. 203 (= _Naukratis_, II, Pl. XIV, fig. 13).
[2270] See _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 304.
[2271] _See_ Rapporto d’un viaggio nella Grecia nel 1860, in _Annali_, XXXIII, 1861, p. 80.
[2272] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, pp. 168 f., already quoted. For the monument of Dermys and Kitylos, see _Gaz. Arch._, 1878, Pl. 29; _A. M._, III, 1878, Pl. XIV; F. W., 44.
[2273] On the subject of hair on “Apollo” statues, see Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 14 (_cf._ note f); and _cf._ Milchhoefer, _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 54, who discards this feature as a criterion.
[2274] For examples, see Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 12, n. 4 and n. 5.
[2275] _Cf._ the colossal bearded statue of Dionysos found in the quarries on Naxos (Komiaki), described by Deonna, p. 221. In a preceding note (p. 334, n. 4) we have already listed examples of the type of Apollo appearing on vases, etc.; see _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 82.
[2276] The date of these sculptors is fixed by that of their pupil, the Aeginetan Kallon, who lived at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; _cf._ Akropolis inscription, _I. G. B._, no. 27. This statue is mentioned by P., IX, 35. 3, as holding the _Graces_ in one hand. Plutarch, who cites Antikles and Istros as his authorities, gives a better description of it in _de Musica_, 14; he says that it held the bow in the right hand and the _Graces_ playing on musical instruments in the left. A scholion on Pindar, _Ol._, XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293, mentions such an image of Apollo in Delphi, manifestly a copy of the Delian one. Both the scholiast and Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, 1, 17. 13, place the bow in the left hand and the _Graces_ in the right, an arrangement confirmed by Athenian coins which are copied from the replica of the statue in Athens (Bekker, _Anecdota gr._, I, p. 299, ll. 8-9). Frazer, V, p. 174, figs. 8-9, reproduces two of these coins.
[2277] This image, known as the _Philesian Apollo_, already discussed on pp. 118f., is described by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75. It was made between 494 and 479 B. C.: see Frazer, IV, pp. 429-30. It is copied on Milesian coins, which represent the god nude, holding a stag in the right hand and a bow in the left: see Overbeck, _Griech. Mythol._, III, _Apollon_, Muenztafel I, 22 f. P., IX, 10.2, mentions a cedar replica of the statue in Thebes. In the British Museum is a bronze, the so-called Payne Knight statuette, a copy of the one on the coins; it is reproduced by Frazer, _l. c._, p. 430, fig. 45 (= _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 209); Frazer mentions as other copies a statuette in Berlin, described in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84-91, and one from the Ptoian sanctuary, described in _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 190-6, and Pl. IX. On Milesian reliefs, see one published by Kekulé von Stradonitz, Ueber d. Apoll. des Kanachos, _Sitzb. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss._, 1904, I, fig. on p. 787, and p. 797, and another by Th. Wiegand, Siebenter vorlaeufiger Bericht ueber Ausgrabungen in Milet und Didyma (_Abh. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss., Philosoph.-histor. Cl._, 1911), p. 21.
[2278] Mentioned by P., X, 24. 5, and Philochoros, in _F. H. G._, I, fragm. 22 on p. 387. Imperial Delphic coins from the time of Hadrian on represent the god nude with outstretched arms; such coin-types may be copies of this statue; _cf._ Frazer, V, p. 352.
[2279] See _B. C. H._, XII, 1888, p. 468.
[2280] In the Ottoman Museum, Invent. no. 374; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 78, 2. It is described by Mendel, in _B. C. H._, XXVI, 1902, pp. 467 f.; _cf._ Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 226, no. 127.
[2281] See Deonna, pp. 191 f., no. 81 and figs. 84-90; _cf._ Annali, XXXVI, 1864, p. 253 (Michaelis).
[2282] _Ibid._, pp. 185 f., no. 77 and fig. 82.
[2283] _E. g._, the two colossal statues from Cape Sounion discovered by Staïs in 1906 in front of the ruins of the temple of Poseidon, and now in Athens, possibly meant for the Dioskouroi: see Deonna, pp. 135-8, nos. 7-8 and figs. 14-17; for one, see _A. M._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 363-4; Deonna, no. 7, pp. 135 and 347; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, no. 2720, pp. 6-7 and fig.; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 197, fig. 40; it is 3.05 meters high (Staïs); two from Delphi, called either Kleobis and Biton, or the Dioskouroi by Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, pp. 445 = B) and 446 (= A), and 450 f.; Homolle here has the letters changed; his B = _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1 (= our A, = Pl. 8B); see Deonna, pp. 176-8, nos. 65-6, figs. 66-9; see list of statues from sanctuaries of Apollo and other gods, _ibid._, pp. 18-19.
[2284] See Milchhoefer, _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 54-55.
[2285] See Loeschke, _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 304; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 57; Hiller von Gaertringen, _Thera_, III, 1904, p. 285; Ross, _Reisen auf d. griech. Inseln des Aegaeischen Meeres_, I, 1840, p. 8.
[2286] See Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, pp. 238-9, no. 141; _B. M. Sculpt._, 207 (= torso).
[2287] Deonna, p. 247, no. 155. This is one of the most recent of the series and belongs to the end of the sixth or beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Orsi, _Monumenti antichi_, I, pp. 789 f.
[2288] Bulle, 37 (left).
[2289] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28; see _supra_, pp. 106-7. Scherer, _op. cit._, pp. 23 ff., thought that this statue conformed with the type of the _Apollo_ of Kanachos already mentioned. Reisch, p. 40, rightly believes that it had “_noch geschlossene Beine, aber geloeste Arme_,” _i. e._, like the _Apollo_ of Tektaios and Angelion already discussed.
[2290] Arndt, _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, pp. 1-2 and Pls. I-II; Deonna, pp. 143-4, no. 21. It has been ascribed to different artists of the last quarter of the sixth century B. C.: Lechat, _Au Musée de l’Acropole_, pp. 359-60; Klein, I, p. 246 f.; we have already discussed it on pp. 127-8. E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, VIII, 1887, p. 190, refers some of the statues found at the Ptoian sanctuary to athletes, but Holleaux believes that these statues represent Apollo: _B. C. H._, X, 1886, p. 68; _cf._ also Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 8. W. Vischer, _Kleine Schriften_, II, 1878, p. 307, admits that some of the “Apollos” can be athletes, as Conze and Michaelis had done: _Annali_, XXXIII, 861, p. 80.
[2291] See Deonna, p. 253.
[2292] Thus Scherer, p. 22, n. 3, and Reisch, p. 40, leave the question unsettled; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 98, n. 1, thinks that the material for a decision as to a given statue, whether of this god or that, or of a worshiper or athlete, hardly exists; Collignon, _Mythol. figurée de la Grèce_, p. 84, recognizes that these statues stood for both gods and athletes; Hitz.-Bluemn., III, 1, p. 262, think that the type passes equally well for gods and sepulchral statues; Overbeck, I, pp. 114-115, and F. W., p. 11, believe that it represents a general scheme for athletes, sepulchral statues, and Apollos.
[2293] The first part of this chapter appeared, under the title The Positions of Victor Statues at Olympia, in _A. J. A._, XVI, 2d Ser., 1912, pp. 203-229, with Plan; the second part, entitled, Greek Literary Notices of Olympic Victor Monuments outside Olympia, appeared in _Trans. Amer. Philol. Assn._, XLII, 1912, pp. 53-67. I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Paton, former editor-in-chief of the _A. J. A._, for permission to use the former, and to Prof. Clarence Bill, the present secretary of the American Philological Association, for permission to use the latter. Only slight changes have been made in the original articles for the present work. The summary of the last section, Statistics of Olympic Victor Statuaries, is revised from my note published in _Proceedings of the American Philological Association_, XLIV, 1913, pp. xxx-xxxi. I am also indebted to Professor Bill for permission to use it in the present work.
[2294] ἵππων ἀγωνιστῶν ... καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἀθλητῶν τε καὶ ἰδιωτῶν ὁμοίως (VI, 1.1).
[2295] VI, Chs. 1-16. 169 in my _de olympionicarum Statuis_: Philon of Kerkyra, who had two statues, is there named twice, under nos. 91 and 136.
[2296] VI, Chs. 17-18.
[2297] See _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Karten u. Plaene, 1899, III, IV (Doerpfeld); _cf._ also H. Luckenbach, _Olympia und Delphi_, 1904, p. 11, fig. 5 (= _A. J. A._, XVI, 1912, p. 204, fig. 1).
[2298] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 119 f. (and Sketch-plan).
[2299] Pp. 45 f.
[2300] In Baum., II, pp. 1094 f.
[2301] _Olympia, Ergebnisse_, Textbd., I (_Topographie und Geschichte_), pp. 87 f.; _cf._ _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 335 f.
[2302] _De olymp. Stat._, Ch. III, pp. 63 f. The outline therein forms the basis of the present treatment. The numbers of the victors from the catalogue of that work, showing the order of presentation by Pausanias, are here retained in parentheses: _e. g._, Telemachos (122). A letter after the number indicates either that an adjacent “honor” statue, _e. g._, Philonides (154a), stood next to a victor statue, _e. g._, Menalkeas (154), or that no statue is mentioned.
[2303] _E. g._, Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, p. 88.
[2304] _E. g._, nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 were Eleans; 7-9 and 11-14 were Spartans; 17-18 and 23-26 were Eleans; 45 and 48-49, 51, 54, 57 were Arkadians; 6-9 and 11-14 were victors in chariot-races; 30, 34, 37, 40 were pancratiasts; 25-28 had statues by Sikyonian artists; 39-40 had statues by Athenian artists; 59-63 formed a family group; etc.
[2305] _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 393.
[2306] The lack of continuity in describing the altars led R. Heberdey, _Eranos Vindobonensis_, 1893, pp. 39 f., (Die Olympische Altarperiegese des Pausanias), to conclude wrongly that Pausanias took over bodily from an earlier work his enumeration of the altars, only here and there interposing a remark of his own, as _e. g._, V, 15. 2, where he parenthetically describes the Leonidaion.
[2307] _E. g._, the statue of the Akarnanian boxer (10) stood among those of Spartan victors (7-14); Eukles (52), a grandson of Diagoras, had his statue away from his family group (59-63); the two statues of Timon (17 and 105 d) stood in different parts of the Altis.
[2308] VI, 1.3.
[2309] So Furtwaengler, _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 146; Treu, _ibid._, p. 207; Flasch, Hirschfeld, and Scherer, in the works already cited.
[2310] So Doerpfeld, _l. c._, p. 88; Michaelis, _A. Z._, XXXIV, 1876, p. 164; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 531; etc.
[2311] Hyde, p. 64. I here append three such passages: in V, 24.3, in speaking of the statue of the _Zeus_ of the Lacedæmonians, he says that it τοῦ ναοῦ δέ ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ μεγάλου Ζεὺς πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἡλίου, _i. e._, at the southeast corner of the temple near where the pedestal was found (_cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, 252, and _Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., I, p. 86); in V, 26.2, in speaking of the offerings of Mikythos, he says that they stood παρὰ δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου τὴν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ πλεύραν, _i. e._, on the northern side of the temple of Zeus, where most authorities find their foundations (_cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, 267-269, and Flasch, _op. cit._, p. 1093); in VIII, 38.2, he says that Mount Lykaion is ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τοῦ ἱεροῦ τῆς Δεσποίνης, _i. e._, to the north of that temple. _Cf._ also V, 21.2. Professor Bluemner, reviewing my monograph _de olymp. Stat._, in the _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXIV, 1904, col. 1382, objects to my interpretation of ἐν δεξιᾷ, and admits not one but three possibilities: (_a_) of the temple _pro persona_, _i. e._, its south side; (_b_) of a spectator facing the chief, _i. e._, east front, the northern half of the space before it; (_c_) of a spectator with his back to this front, _i. e._, the southern half of this space. But if Pausanias had meant either of the two latter, he would have said πρὸ τοῦ ναοῦ, as in VIII, 37.2, κατὰ τὸν ναόν, _cf._ V, 15.3, or ἀντικρὺ τοῦ ναοῦ, _cf._ V, 27.1.
[2312] For locations of bases, see _Insch. v. Ol._, nos. 166 (Troilos), 160 (Kyniska), 172 (Sophios). Because of the finds in the Prytaneion both Hirschfeld and Scherer started this ἔφοδος west of the Heraion.
[2313] From the unfinished condition of the back of the Lysippan marble head from the statue of Philandridas (10), as well as its excellent surface preservation (Frontispiece and Fig. 69), we have already argued that some of these early statues may have stood along the southern steps of the temple against the columns of the peristyle: _supra_, p. 300.
[2314] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 248; _cf._ P., V, 27.9.
[2315] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 161 (Narykdas); 146 (Kallias); 159 (Eukles); 144 (Euthymos); 156 (Charmides); 155 (Hellanikos). Other bases of statues which must have stood in this vicinity have also been found, far from their original positions: _i. e._, those of Athenaios (36), 56 meters west of the Leonidaion; of Polydamas (47), fragments 26 meters southeast of the Echo Hall; of Diagoras (59), five fragments near the Metroon; of Damagetos (62), in the Leonidaion; of Dorieus (61), near the _Victory_ of Paionios; of Kyniskos (45), inside the Byzantine church; of Damoxenidas (54), near the Heraion. See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 168 (Athenaios), 151 (Diagoras), 152 (Damagetos), 153 (Dorieus), 149 (Kyniskos), 158 (Damoxenidas); for the sculptured base of Polydamas (47), see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., PI. LV, 1-3; Textbd., pp. 209 f.
[2316] Argum., Boeckh, pp. 157-8. Pausanias names them in the order: Diagoras, Akousilaos, Dorieus, Damagetos, Peisirhodos. The scholiast names them in the order: Diagoras, Damagetos, Dorieus, Akousilaos, Eukles, Peisirhodos.
[2317] See for Aristotle, _F. H. G._, II, p. 183, fragm. 264. Apollas Ponticus is little known: _cf._ _F. H. G._, IV, p. 307, fragm. 7; he probably copied from Aristotle’s work.
[2318] This is Dittenberger’s explanation, _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 151 and 159; and also that of Robert, _O. S._, p. 195, Scherer, p. 49, and Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 411; Purgold, however, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 262, has tried to reconcile the two accounts on the theory of no change.
[2319] However, Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, p. 90, thinks that the two groups of Diagoras and Alkainetos stood apart.
[2320] The base of the statue of Pythokles was found between the Heraion and the Pelopion: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-163.
[2321] Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 412, assumed the possibility of the existence of two different statues of Lysandros, one 35 a, and the other somewhere after Charmides (58) in the family group of Diagoras; Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 105 and note 4, explains the discrepancy between the scholiast and Pausanias on the theory that the latter borrowed from older lists; Purgold, _Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet_, pp. 238 f., assumed but one statue of Lysandros.
[2322] Scherer, p. 51 (_cf._ Plan opposite p. 56), and Flasch, _l. c._, p. 1095, note 1, proposed a route south from the Heraion to the west of the so-called Great Altar site, while Hirschfeld, _l. c._, p. 119, made it run to the east of it. Doerpfeld, _op. cit._, p. 88, starting east of the Heraion, made the route run first to the west along the south side of the temple, and thence around the western side of the Pelopion, and so across to the _Eretrian Bull_; Michaelis, _l. c._, p. 164, with the same starting-point, had it bear first to the east parallel with the Treasury Terrace, and thence south. See Plans A and B.
[2323] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 259, and _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II, pp. 153-155, etc.; _cf._ P., V, 26.1.
[2324] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 157 (So[si]krates; for the restoration of the name, see Hyde, p. 37); 167 (Kritodamos); 164 (Xenokles). The plate from the pedestal of the statue of the unknown Arkadian victor (79) was found far away from this point, in the Palaistra. We have shown (_supra_, pp. 244-5,) that the statue of Philippos (79a), mentioned by Pausanias as the work of Myron (_cf._ VI, 8.5), was probably only that of this older unknown Arkadian, later used for Philippos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 (= 304 and 280 B. C.); see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 174; _cf._ Hyde, _op. cit._, pp. 39-41.
[2325] On the name, see Hyde, p. 42.
[2326] See _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., I, p. 86, and _cf._ II, p. 78. A slit in the lower step of the base of the _Zeus_ may have contained the tablet mentioned by P., V, 23.4. Three of the four inscribed blocks of Gelo’s chariot base were found in the Palaistra: _Inschr. v. Ol._, under no. 143.
For Doerpfeld’s identification of the Council-house (Bouleuterion) with the tripartite building south of the temple of Zeus just outside the South Altis wall, see _Ausgrab. zu Ol._, IV, 1878-1879, pp. 40-46, and _Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II, pp. 76-79. Others, on the basis of a passage in Xenophon’s _Hell._, VII, 4.31, wrongly place it near the Prytaneion in the northwestern part of the Altis. _Cf._ Frazer, III, pp. 636 f., and Doerpfeld, _l. c._, pp. 78 f. See Plans A and B.
[2327] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 177. It stands on the south edge of the South Terrace wall between its gateway and the later East Byzantine wall of the Altis.
[2328] Hyde, pp. 49 f., where I assume that the passage VI, 13.8 is a digression, and that the name of a victor has dropped out at the end of 13.7. There I have inserted, from a recovered inscription, the name of Akestorides of Alexandria Troas, placing his statue next to that of Agemachos (118) of similar date, the only other Asiatic in this part of the Altis. Foerster, 501, dates Akestorides wrongly in the second century B. C. (on the basis of Furtwaengler, _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 30, n. 2, end), although the inscription from the base is referred by Dittenberger to the end of the third; Agemachos won in Ol. 147 (= 192 B. C.); I have therefore dated Akestorides tentatively between Ol. (?) 142 and Ol. (?) 144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.).
[2329] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147, 148 (Tellon, inscription renewed in the first century B. C.); 165 (Aristion); 184 (Akestorides).
Roehl (_I. G. A._, no. 355 and Add., p. 182) referred an inscription on two marble fragments found in 1879 (_cf._ _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 161, no. 312), one found near the Heraion, the other east of the temple of Zeus, to the victor Agiadas (103); Dittenberger (_cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 150) and others have rightly rejected this ascription. Similarly the inscribed base of the statue of Areus (105 b), son of Akrotatos, King of Sparta, found in the Heraion (see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 308), belongs rather to the second statue of Areus (148 a) dedicated by Ptolemy Philadelphus; _cf._ Hyde, pp. 44-45. I have also referred the second inscription of the artist Pythagoras (_Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 145) found in the Leonidaion, to the statue of Astylos (110), because of its similarity to that on the base of the statue of Euthymos (56) likewise by Pythagoras: _ibid._, pp. 47-48.
[2330] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 169 (Aristophon), 154 (Xenombrotos and Xenodikos), following Robert’s ascription, _O. S._, 1900, pp. 179 f.; a second epigram referring to Xenombrotos alone (_Inschr. v. Olymp._, no. 170) must belong to a second monument not mentioned by Pausanias; _cf._ Hyde, p. 53.
[2331] _E. g._, Furtwaengler, _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 140 (quoted by Dittenberger); Frazer, IV, p. 43.
[2332] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 176 (Aischines; see Foerster, no. 451), 173 (Archippos), 186 (Epitherses), 304 (Antigonos); [a fragment of the base of the statue of Demetrios (147 e) was also found, the exact location not being recorded, no. 305]; 276 (Philonides; a second mutilated copy of this inscription was found nearby built into a late wall north of the Byzantine church; see no. 277); Pausanias (VI, 15.10) mentions two statues of Kapros. For the bronze foot (Fig. 62) of one of them, see _supra_, p. 255 and n. 3.
[2333] VI, 18.7. He gives this honor to Praxidamas and Rhexibios (187-188), who won in Ols. 59 and 61 (= 544 and 536 B. C.) respectively. We have already pointed out that the statue of Oibotas (29), who won in Ol. 6 (= 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.) by the Achæans (VI, 3.8).
[2334] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 294 (Leonidas; _cf._ _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 322, note 1, Treu); 183 (Seleadas; this is my own ascription; see Hyde, p. 58; Dittenberger wrongly restored the name as Σέλευκος); 632 (Polypeithes and Kalliteles); 171 (Deinosthenes); 178 (Glaukon; his monument was a little bronze chariot, not a statue, thus imitating earlier sixth-century victor dedications, like that of Kyniska (7); no. 296 is another inscription from a statue of Glaukon dedicated by Ptolemy Euergetes).
The pedestal of the statue of Paianios (167) was found behind the south side of the Echo Colonnade and therefore far removed (_Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 179); Pausanias again mentions Paianios in VI, 15.10. Another pedestal (no. 632), found south of the west end of the Byzantine church, has been referred by Purgold to the statue of Lysippos (162): _cf._ _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 85 f., no. 387. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 615, and others have rejected the ascription.
[2335] Διέστηκε δὲ ἀγυιὰν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐσόδου τῆς πομπικῆς, τοὺς γὰρ δὴ ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων καλουμένους στενωποὺς ἀγυιὰς ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ Ἠλεῖοι.
[2336] See _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 327-336 and Pl. VII (Die Altis Mauer in Olympia). On the west of the Altis are the ruins of two parallel walls, the inner Greek, the outer Roman; the original South wall of the Altis ran along the line of the South Terrace wall, the later Roman wall (dating from Nero’s time) to the south of it. Thus in Pausanias’ day, the ἔσοδος πομπική was opposite the Leonidaion. In two other passages, however, it appears to be at the southeast corner of the Altis (V, 15.7; VI, 20.7). R. Heberdey (in _Eranos Vindobonensis_, 1893, pp. 34-47) explains this discrepancy by saying that Pausanias, in mentioning the southwestern entrance, is writing from his own observation after the Roman extension, and in the other passages is copying from other writers who wrote before that extension. Doerpfeld’s explanation, however, is better: in the Roman extension a gate was built at the southwest corner of the new West wall superseding the older southeast entrance. Processions still passed along the same way, but were now _inside_ the Altis, the great gateway of Nero at the southeast corner being given up after his death. _Cf._ Frazer, III, pp. 570-572; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 375-6.
[2337] P., VI, 17.1.
[2338] _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 317-326 (Die Bauinschrift des Leonidaions zu Olympia); and _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 651, and _Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II, _Die Baudenkmaeler_, pp. 83-93, and Tafelbd., Pls. LXII-LXVI (R. Borrmann).
[2339] _E. g._, K. Lange, _Haus und Halle_, 1885, pp. 331 f; Hirschfeld, _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 121; Flasch, in Baum., II, pp. 1095 and 1104 K. Others placed it elsewhere: _e. g._, Curtius-Adler, _Olympia und Umgegend_, 1882, pp. 23 f.; Scherer, _op. cit._, pp. 55 f. (and Plan), identified it with the “_South-east Building_,” where he had this second ἔφοδος begin.
[2340] V, 13.9. For full account of the altar, see V, 13.8-11.
[2341] Thus Curtius, Altaere v. Ol., _Abhandl. d. k. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1882, p. 4 (= _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, 1894, II, pp. 42 f.); Adler, _A. A_., 1894, p. 85; _ibid._, 1895, pp. 108 f. (_cf._ his reconstruction in _Olympia, Ergebn._, Tafelbd., II, Pl. CXXXII and Textbd., II, pp. 210 f.); Curtius-Adler, _Olympia u. Umgegend_, p. 35; Flasch, _op. cit._, p. 1067 (_cf._ _Funde v. Ol._, pp. 238-239); Boetticher, _Olympia_^2, 1886, pp. 190 f. (and Plan); Furtwaengler, _Bronzen v. Olympia_, p. 4; Hirschfeld, _op. cit._, p. 119 (= Plan); Scherer, _op. cit._, p. 56 (with Plan); Trendelenburg, _Der grosse Altar des Zeus in Olympia_, 1902, pp. 17 f.; Doerpfeld, _Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II (_Baudenkmaeler_) p. 162, (_cf._ I, p. 82, where he admits the possibility that it may have stood further northwest, nearer the Heraion); Frazer, III, p. 556; etc.
[2342] See _A. M._, XXXIII, 1908, pp. 185-192 (Olympia in praehistorischer Zeit); _cf._ _Year’s Work in Classical Studies_, III, 1908, p. 12.
[2343] For Puchstein’s location and form of the altar of Zeus, see _A. A._, 1893, p. 22; _ibid._, 1895, p. 107; _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 53 f. (with “oblong” reconstruction by Koldewey, pp. 76-77); for Wernicke’s view, see _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 93 f. This view was already refuted by Adler, _A. A._, 1895, p. 108, and Doerpfeld, _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Textbd., II, pp. 162 f. Doerpfeld later referred these remains also to prehistoric houses (_cf._ preceding note)
[2344] V, 13.8. The exact site of the Pelopion is given in V, 13.1 (see Plans A and B). Wernicke, (_l. c._, pp. 94 f.) placed the older altar of Zeus (who was at first worshiped in common with Hera) between the Heraion and Pelopion (as Puchstein also did). He believed that later, however, after the building of the temple of Zeus and the Pelopion, the altar was moved east of both and stood somewhere northwest of the elliptical depression, where Pausanias saw it. He explained the lack of remains on the theory that the Christians would completely destroy this, the chief pagan altar. But it is difficult to see why the few Christian settlers in this out of the way place should have shown any such anger. Doerpfeld (_Ergebn. v. Ol._, Textbd., II, _Baudenkmaeler_, p. 163) suggested that it may have stood south of the _Exedra_ of Herodes Attikos, where its site must certainly be sought.
[2345] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, p. 359, rightly say that the words of Pausanias point to a place in the Altis where there are neither foundations nor ashes. Since it is incredible that the Christians should have destroyed it so completely, they assume that Pausanias made a mistake in his directions. Their conclusion that the elliptical depression best fits the conditions is untenable now.
[2346] _Op. cit._, p. 164.
[2347] See _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 335-336, and _Ergebn._, Textbd., I, p. 88. In the latter he says: “_Zu unserer Verwunderung sehen wir, dass der zweite Teil die ununterbrochene Fortsetzung des ersten Teiles ist, also in Wirklichkeit nur eine Ephodos, nur ein einziger Rundgang._”
[2348] This pillar stood between the Great Altar and the temple of Zeus: P., V, 20. 6.
[2349] Ἀνδριάντας δὲ ἀναμεμιγμένους οὐκ ἐπιφα<νέ>σιν ἄγαν ἀναθήμασιν, κ. τ. λ., (VI, 17.7); again in VI, 18.2 he says that he discovered the statue of Anaximenes “by searching” (ἀνευρών).
[2350] Similarly, on arriving at the statue of Telemachos, he moved first to the east and then returned (passing the chariot of Kleosthenes) before proceeding west, without mentioning it: see _supra_, p. 345.
[2351] On analogy with V, 15.1. See Hyde, p. 68.
[2352] The Terrace wall can still be traced before the western front of the temple and also to the north-east of it; _cf._ Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 36: “_So umgab denn vermutlich einst den ganzen Tempel eine statuenbekroente Terrasse._” Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 619, suppose such a road to the west and north of the temple, but would interpret it as being ἐν ἀριστερᾷ.
[2353] _Cf._ Hyde, p. 70. Hitz.-Bluemn. (see preceding note) rejected this textual change of mine as unnecessary, and followed Hirschfeld and Doerpfeld in having Pausanias return along the south side of the temple of Zeus. I proposed this change by analogy with the text of V, 24.1, V, 21.2, and other passages.
[2354] The bronze tablet of Demokrates (170), found south of the southwest corner of the temple of Zeus, did not belong to his victor statue, but to a base which stood probably inside the temple: _Inschr. v. Ol._ no. 39. Also the archaic marble helmeted head and arm with the remains of a shield attached (see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4, and 5-6), the head being found west of the temple and the arm before the gate of the Pelopion, wrongly ascribed by Treu (_A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f., and _Bildw. v. Ol._, III, pp. 33-34) and Overbeck (I, pp. 198 f., and p. 178) to Eperastos (183), I have referred to an older hoplite, Phrikias of Pelinna (Foerster, nos. 151, 155): see Hyde, p. 43, and _supra_, Ch. III, pp. 162-3 and Fig. 30a, b.
[2355] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 293.
[2356] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 267-269. The supposed foundation was found thirty feet north of the temple; _cf._ Frazer, III, pp. 646 f.; etc.
[2357] V, 20.6 f. A large foundation, between the pedestal of Dropion, King of the Paionians, _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 303, (see Plans A and B), and the pedestal of the _Eretrian Bull_, may have formed part of the house of Oinomaos (_cf._ Curtius-Adler, _op. cit._, p. 40; Flasch, _l. c._, p. 1074). Wernicke, (_Jb._, IX, 1894, p. 95), however, refers it to the oval depression called the Great Altar site. Doerpfeld (_Ergebn. v. Ol._, Textbd., I, p. 82) is opposed to this view and places it further north, near the Metroon.
[2358] This is Kalkmann’s theory (_op. cit._, p. 89), who calls this section (VI, 18.7) the “_letzter Trumpf_,” an addition having no connection with the second ἔφοδος. He compares it with V, 24.9, where Pausanias, after ending the _periegesis_ of the altars, adds one more, that of “Zeus Horkios,” which stood in the Council House, though he had already passed this point twice without mentioning the fact. Kalkmann also compares it with V, 27.12 (the transition to the account of the victor statues). Gurlitt (_op. cit._, p. 392) explains this last section, _i. e._, V, 27.12, as due to a later revision of Pausanias’ work.
[2359] VI, 19.1.
[2360] See the Catalogue in my _de olymp. Stat._, (pp. 3 f.) for dates; and _cf. ibid._, Ch. IV, pp. 72 f., for results. The summaries are made only on the basis of the 153 monuments which can be exactly or approximately dated.
[2361] Eutelidas (148), Praxidamas (18), Rhexibios (188), Polypeithes and Kalliteles (160-161).
[2362] On the date of the temple of Zeus (?468-456 B. C.), _cf._ Doerpfeld, _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II, pp. 19. f.
[2363] Enation (176) is simply called an Arkadian by P., VI, 17.3.
[2364] VI, 1.2, and _cf._ his words in VI, 17.1.
[2365] The last dated victor statue at Olympia, known from inscriptions, is that of Valerios Eklektos of Sinope, four times victor as herald, winning in Ols. 256, 258, 259, 260 (= 245, 253-261 A. D.): Foerster, 741-744. Philoumenos of Philadelphia in Lydia, victor in wrestling (?) in Ol. (?) 288 (= 373 A. D.), Foerster, 750, had a statue, as we learn from the conclusion of an epigram preserved by Panodoros in Cramer’s _Anecd. gr. Parisiensia_, 1839-41, II, p. 155, 17 f.; _cf._ _Inscr. Graecae metricae_, ed. Preger, 1891, no. 133. It may have been in Olympia.
[2366] On his use of older lists of victors and especially of the Elean register, see P. Hirt, _de Fontibus Pausaniae in Eliacis_ (Greifswald, 1878), pp. 12 f.; Mie, _Quaestiones agonisticae_ (Rostock, 1888), pp. 17 f.; Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, pp. 72 f. and 103 f.; Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 426, note 43; Robert, _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, pp. 444 f.; Hirschfeld, _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 105 and 111; J. Juethner, _Philostratos ueber Gymnastik_, pp. 60-74 (Elean register), and 109 f.; Gardiner, p. 50. Pausanias frequently mentions such sources himself, especially the Elean register: _e. g._, III, 21.1; V, 2.19; VI, 2.3. Hirschfeld (_l. c._, pp. 105 and 113) and others have unreasonably doubted whether Pausanias ever visited Olympia at all.
[2367] Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476; P., VI, 15.3 f.
[2368] Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; P., VI, 15.10 (two statues).
[2369] Hyde, 119 and pp. 49-50; Foerster, 501; P., VI, 13.7, and _Inschr. v. Ol._, 184.
[2370] Hyde, 42; Foerster, 800; P., VI, 4.9.
[2371] Hyde, 40; Foerster, 494; P., VI, 4.5.
[2372] Hyde, 152; Foerster, 391; P., VI, 16.2.
[2373] Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515; P., VI, 6.7.
[2374] Hyde, 125a; Foerster, 651; P., VI, 14.2.
[2375] Hyde, 111b; Foerster, 648-650; P., VI, 13.3.
[2376] Hyde, 111a; Foerster, 654-6, 659, 660, 662-664; P., VI, 13.3.
[2377] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16. See _supra_, pp. 27 and 54.
[2378] _Cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235. P., VI, 1.1, distinctly states that not all victors had statues, adding that some of the most distinguished had none.
[2379] Thus the epigram on the base of a monument of Xenombrotos (133; _cf._ P., VI, 14.12) states that it was a portrait of the victor: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 170. We have, however, aside from this inscription, no record that he was a victor more than once. See _supra_, pp. 54-5. On the basis of three or more victories, several victors should have had portrait statues: _e. g._, Foerster, 60, 86, 144, 351, 358, 495, 603, 741, 815.
[2380] Discussed _supra_, Ch. II, p. 58.
[2381] For dates, places of finding, and contests, references are constantly made by number to Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._; the number of each victor is given also from Foerster’s lists, which, though incomplete, are the best that have yet appeared. Where the exact dates are known they are cited from Foerster; otherwise, the probable dating of the inscription as given by Dittenberger is followed. See Plans A and B.
[2382] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 142 (Pantares, son of Menekrates of Gela); Foerster, 149, = Ol. (?) 67 (= 572 B. C.); Gelo won in Ol. 73 (= 488 B. C.): Foerster, 180.
[2383] Phrikias won twice, in Ols. 68 and 69 (= 508 and 504 B. C.): Foerster, 151 and 155. Phanas was three times victor on the same day (τριαστής), in the στάδιον, δίαυλος and as ὁπλίτης, in Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.): Foerster, 144-146. For the ascriptions, see _supra_, pp. 162-3.
[2384] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 150. Roehl (_I. G. A._, 355 and Add., p. 182) wrongly ascribed it to Agiadas (103), boy boxer of Elis, whose statue was by the Aeginetan Serambos (P., VI, 10.9). His victory should fall between Ols. 72 and 74 inclusive (= 492 and 484 B. C.): Hyde, p. 44. Foerster, 519, following Roehl and Gurlitt (_op. cit._, pp. 369 and 419), who placed Serambos in the second century B. C., referred the victory of Agiadas to Ol. (?) 161 (= 136 B. C.). Robert, _O. S._, p. 181, identifies the inscription with Epitimiadas mentioned in the _Oxy. Pap._ as victor in παγκράτιον in Ol. 78 (= 468 B. C.). Dittenberger and Loewy (latter in _I. G. B._, 416) refer the inscription to the first half or middle of the fifth century B. C.
[2385] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 170; _cf._ Hyde, p. 53.
[2386] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 175; Foerster, 375. Foerster’s proposed dating of this victor, Ol. 110 (= 340 B. C.), is wrong.
[2387] _Ibid._, no. 180.
[2388] _Ibid._, no. 181.
[2389] _Ibid._, no. 182.
[2390] _Ibid._, no. 185.
[2391] _Ibid._, no. 187.
[2392] _Ibid._, no. 188.
[2393] _Ibid._, no. 189.
[2394] This Greek building dates from the first half of the fifth century B. C. _Cf._ F. Adler, _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II (_Die Baudenkmaeler_), pp. 93-105 (especially 98 f.), and Flasch, in Baum., pp. 1070-1 and 1104 M f., both of whom identify it with the workshop of Pheidias (P., V, 15.1); Curtius, Die Altaere v. Ol., _Abhandl. d. k. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1882, p. 20 (= _Gesamm. Abhandl._, 1894, II, pp. 57 f.), refers it to the Theekoleon, generally identified with the easternmost of the two buildings further north. See Plans A and B.
[2395] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 190.
[2396] _Ibid._, no. 192.
[2397] _Ibid._, no. 193.
[2398] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 194; Foerster, 484.
[2399] _Ibid._, no. 195.
[2400] _Ibid._, no. 196.
[2401] _Ibid._, no. 197; Foerster, 808 (undated).
[2402] _Ibid._, no. 191; Foerster, 807 (undated).
[2403] _Ibid._, nos. 198-204; see Foerster, 542-547; one of the group, Telemachos, son of Leon, had another statue at Olympia: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 406.
[2404] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 205; Foerster, 822 (undated).
[2405] _Ibid._, no. 206; Foerster, 828 (undated).
[2406] _Ibid._, no. 207.
[2407] _Ibid._, no. 208.
[2408] _Ibid._, no. 209; Foerster, 482.
[2409] _Ibid._, no. 210.
[2410] _Ibid._, no. 211.
[2411] _Ibid._, no. 212.
[2412] _Ibid._, no. 213; Foerster, 614, 619.
[2413] _Ibid._, nos. 214, 215.
[2414] _Ibid._, nos. 216, 217; Foerster, 550.
[2415] _Ibid._, no. 218; Foerster, 535 (= Ol. ? 171 = 96 B. C.).
[2416] _Ibid._, no. 219; Foerster, 593; he won in Ol. 190 (= 20 B. C.).
[2417] _Ibid._, no. 220; Foerster, 601, who dates the victory in Ol. (?) 194 (= 4 B. C.).
[2418] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 221; Foerster, 612. He won τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 199 (= 17 A. D.); his statue was set up by M. Antonios Peisanos.
[2419] _Ibid._, no. 222; Foerster, 585, 587. He won two victories (perhaps after 17 A. D.) in an unknown contest; Foerster dates them Ols. (?) 184 and 185 (= 44 and 40 B. C.).
[2420] _Ibid._, no. 223; Foerster, 568; his statue was erected by his mother, Klaudia Kleodike.
[2421] _Ibid._, no. 224; Foerster, 823 (undated); his statue was set up by his native state.
[2422] _Ibid._, no. 225; Foerster,632. The base contained two epigrams by T. Klaudios Thessalos, of Kos: E. Cougny, _Epigramm. Anth. Pal._, III, 1890 (_Appendix nova_), p. 26, no. 169.
[2423] _Ibid._, 226; Foerster, 634. His statue was erected by L. Betilenos Phloros, of Elis.
[2424] _Ibid._, no. 227; Foerster, 666; he won Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.). His brother Diodoros set up the statue. The victor was an ἔφεδρος; see A. E. J. Holwerda, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 171 f.
[2425] _Ibid._, 228; Foerster, 671.
[2426] _Ibid._, nos. 229, 230 (newer inscription); _I. G. B._, 125; Foerster, 624-625. He was a περιοδονίκης and won in Ols. (?) 205 and 207 (= 41 and 49 A. D.).
[2427] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 231; Foerster, 595 and 597. Foerster dates his two Olympic victories in Ols. (?) 191 and 192 (= 16 and 12 B. C.). Hermas was περιοδονίκης twice, and also gained victories besides at the Nemean and other games.
[2428] _Ibid._, no. 232; Foerster, 815-819 (undated). He was twice περιοδονίκης and won besides at the Isthmus, Nemea, and at other games—eighty victories in all.
[2429] _Ibid._, no. 234 and p. 346; he won in either πάλη or παγκράτιον.
[2430] _Ibid._, no. 235 and pp. 346-347. These bronze fragments have been noted in our list of surviving fragments of victor statues, Ch. VII, p. 322.
[2431] _Ibid._, no. 233 (name restored from no. 440, line 4). On her father, see Foerster, under no. 634.
[2432] _Ibid._, 236; Foerster, 686. Both Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 421, and Foerster think that this monument is mentioned by P., V, 20.8 (that of a Roman senator). Dittenberger is against this view, and the place of finding also is against it. On the victor’s full name and that of his father, see Foerster, _l. c._
[2433] _Ibid._, no. 237; Foerster, 692. He won at Olympia in Ol. 229 (= 137 A. D.), and the inscription names many other victories elsewhere.
[2434] _Ibid._, no. 238; Foerster, 679 and 681, who dates the victories in Ols. (?) 224 and 225 (= 117 and 121 A. D.), while Dittenberger dates them in the next century. He was twice περιοδονίκης: see Foerster, _l. c._
[2435] _Ibid._, no. 239; Foerster, 746 (date = end of second or third centuries B. C.). For the epigram, see also Cougny, Epigramm. Anth. Pal., III (_Appendix nova_), p. 46, n. 284.
[2436] _Ibid._, nos. 242-243; Foerster, 741-744. He was a τρισπερίοδος, _i. e._, three times περιοδονίκης. For his other victories outside Olympia, see Foerster, _l. c._
[2437] _Ibid._, nos. 240-241; Foerster, 739. Asklepiades won the πένταθλον in Ol. 255 (= 241 A. D.).
[2438] Philinos, son of Hegepolis of Kos (173), won 24 victories, 5 at Olympia, 4 at Delphi, 4 at Nemea, 11 at the Isthmus, mostly in the στάδιον, he was, therefore, four times περιοδονίκης. He won in Ols. 129 and 130 (= 264 and 260 B. C.): _cf._ P., VI, 17.2 and Foerster, 441 and 442; Leonidas of Rhodes (111c) was τριαστής in the four different Ols. 154-157 (= 164-152 B. C.), winning 12 races: _cf._ P., VI, 13.4, and Foerster, 495-497, 498-500, 502-504, 507-509.
[2439] Omitting the votive bronze diskos of the victor P. Asklepiades of Corinth mentioned above.
[2440] Foerster, pp. 26-30, records the names of 634 Olympic victors who are known to us from all available sources.
[2441] Sepulchral monuments are either entirely excluded or mentioned only incidentally. The tombs of nine Olympic victors are known from various sources.
[2442] The dating of victories in the present section will necessitate certain repetitions of dates already given elsewhere in this work. While heretofore dates have been referred usually to the compilations of Foerster and Hyde, the original authorities for them will be cited in this section.
[2443] Chionis, (= Charmis in Afr.), according to P., III, 14.3, won seven victories at Olympia: four in the στάδιον, in Ols. 28 to 31 (= 668 to 656 B. C.); 1-4 = Afr.; 1 = P., IV, 23.4; 2 = IV, 23.10; 3 = VIII, 39.3; three in the δίαυλος, probably in Ols. (?) 29-31: see Rutgers, p. 11, n. 4, and pp. 10-11; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-46.
[2444] Kylon won the δίαυλος in Ol. 35 (= 640 B. C.): Afr.; _cf._ Rutgers p. 13; Foerster, 55.
[2445] Hdt., V, 71; Thukyd., I, 126; Plut., _Solon_, 12.
[2446] _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 27 and n. 1. Kuhnert, _Jahrb. f. classische Philol._, Supplbd., XIV, 1885, pp. 278 f., and n. 2, agrees with Furtwaengler, and thinks that it was set up long after the death of Kylon, and that it is possible that the name of the conspirator became mixed with that of an Athenian victor of the same name, but of later date.
[2447] _A. Z._, XXIV, 1866, pp. 183 f.; he is followed by Frazer, II, p. 348.
[2448] Thukyd., I, 134.
[2449] Loeschke, _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 295, n. 1.
[2450] See also Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 1, pp. 299-300.
[2451] His six victories in πάλη are mentioned by P., III, 13.9; he won πάλη παίδων in Ol. 37 (= 632 B. C.): P., V, 8.9; Afr.; πάλη ἀνδρῶν in Ols. 39-43 (= 624-608 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 73. He is mentioned by Ph., I.
[2452] See Wide, _Lakonische Kulte_, 1893, pp. 38 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, pp. 792-3.
[2453] Pausanias, III, 13.9, mentions his five victories in πάλη. He must have won after his father’s victories, and so at the beginning of the sixth century B. C. Rutgers, pp. 109 f., conjectures that the first victory was πάλη παίδων; Foerster, 86-90.
[2454] Arrhachion (on various spellings of the name, _cf._ Rutgers, p. 19) won thrice in the παγκράτιον in Ols. 52-54 (= 572-564 B. C.). The third victory is recorded by Afr. and P., VIII, 40.1; the first two by P., _l. c._ _Cf._ also Ph., 21. Foerster, 98, 101, 103. See _supra_, pp. 326 f.
[2455] He had the nickname _Koalemos_: Plut., _Cimon_, 4. He won two victories τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 62 and 64 (= 532 and 524 B. C.); his horses, under the name of Peisistratos, won in the same event in Ol. 63 (= 528 B. C.): Hdt., VI, 103; they were buried in front of the city beyond the so-called “Hollow Way,” opposite the tomb of Kimon; Hdt., _l. c._; Plutarch, _Cato Major_, 5. _Cf._ Aelian, _de Animal._, XII, 40, where he says that the mares of Miltiades—meaning Kimon—were buried in the Kerameikos. See Foerster, 124, 128 and 132.
[2456] _Var. Hist._, IX, 32.
[2457] Hdt., VI, 103.
[2458] IV, 33.
[2459] On _Nubes_, 64.
[2460] Foerster, 85.
[2461] He won in an unknown contest. He accompanied Dorieus, the younger brother of Kleomenes I of Sparta, on his futile expedition to Sicily, and died there: Hdt., V, 47. Kleomenes began to reign in 519 B. C., and the Sicilian expedition occurred about 510 B. C.; Foerster, 138, therefore dates the victory of Philippos about Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.).
[2462] Hdt., V, 47; Eustath., on Iliad, Bk. III (p. 383, 43).
[2463] Astylos (on variations of the name, see Rutgers, pp. 32 f.) won victories in στάδιον and δίαυλος in three successive Ols.: P., VI, 13.1: στάδιον in Ols. 73-75 (= 488-480 B. C.): 1 = Afr., and Dionys. Hal., VIII, 1; 2 = Afr., and Dionys., VIII, 77; 3 = Afr., Dionys., IX, 1, and Diod. Sic., XI, 1. So the victories in δίαυλος, 1, 2, 3, must have been in the same Ols. The _Oxy. Pap._ also names Astylos a victor twice as ὁπλίτης, in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 476 B. C.). So Grenfell and Hunt thought that P. had mixed the victories in δίαυλος and as ὁπλίτης; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 163 f., however, supports P., and thinks that Astylos won eight victories, the victories in δίαυλος and στάδιον all preceding Ol. 76, as other names appear here in the _Oxy. Pap._ Astylos, therefore, won three victories in Ol. 75, one in Ol. 76, and the other four in Ols. 73-74. _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 32, 34-35; Foerster, 176-177, 181-182, 187-188; Hyde, 110.
[2464] Rutgers, p. 34, n. 1 (_cf._ Robert, _O. S._, p. 164) has shown that the tyrant named Hiero by Pausanias should be Gelo; _cf._ Hertzberg, _Gesch. v. Hellas u. Rom_, I, 1879, p. 181; Foerster, 181-2.
[2465] I, pp. 409-410; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59, calls the statue of Astylos that of a _stadiodromos_.
[2466] Euthymos won πύξ three times in Ols. 74, 76, and 77 (= 484, 476, and 472 B. C.): 1 = P., VI, 6.5; 2 and 3 = P., VI, 6.6 and _Oxy. Pap._ _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 34, 38, 41; Foerster, 185, 195, 207; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 167, 184 f.; Hyde, 56.
[2467] Inscribed base found: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144; _I. G. B._, 23; _I. G. A._, 1882, 388.
[2468] See Kallimachos, _apud_ Plin., _H. N._, VII, 152.
[2469] Strabo, VI, 1.5 (= C. 255); Aelian, _Var. Hist._, VIII, 18; Suidas, _s. v._ Εὔθυμος; P., VI, 6. 7-11. _Cf._ also E. Curtius on the Olympia base, _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 83, no. 127. On the legend of the statue, see Eusebios, _Praep. evang._, V, 34.7.
[2470] Theagenes won πύξ in Ol. 75 (= 480 B. C.): P., VI, 6.5; _Oxy.Pap._; and παγκράτιον in Ol. 76 (= 476 B. C.): P., VI, 11.4; _Oxy. Pap._; he was twice περιοδονίκης and won many victories elsewhere, carrying off 1400 crowns, according to P., VI, 11.5, and 1200, according to Plut., _Praec. reipub. ger._, 15, p. 811 D. _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 36, 38; Foerster, 191, 196; Hyde, 104. Dio Chrys., _Orat._, XXXI, p. 339 M, wrongly mentions three Olympic victories.
[2471] _Op. cit._, p. 340 M.
[2472] _Praep. evang._, V, 34.7.
[2473] _Deor. Conc._, 12; _cf._ P., VI, 11.9.
[2474] _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1900, p. 332, n. 2.
[2475] Ladas won δόλιχος in Ol. (?) 76 (= 476 B. C.): Robert, _O. S._, p. 165, because of an older dating for Myron, 480-444 B. C., necessitated by the _Oxy. Pap._ (see also _ibid._, p. 184). Foerster, 249, has given Ol. (?) 85 (= 440 B. C.) as the date of the victory, on the basis of the earlier dating of Myron, 460-420 B. C.; _cf._, _e. g._, Brunn, 1, p. 142; Bergk, _P. l. G._, III, p. 473, no 125 and note, and Rutgers p. 107.
[2476] _A. Pl._, nos. 53, 54; see _supra_, Ch. IV, pp. 196-197.
[2477] Foerster assumed that the statue by Myron stood in Olympia. Against this view, see Furtwaengler (_Mw._, p. 379, n. 5), Kalkmann (_Jb._, X, 1895, p. 56, and XI, 1896, p. 197), Studniczka (article cited in note on Theagenes preceding), Brunn (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1880, pp. 474 f.). Benndorf (_de anthol. Gr. Epigram._, 1862, 15, n. 1) thought it more probable that the statue stood formerly at Olympia, but in the time of Pausanias was in Rome. Thus it is best to assume two statues, the one in Argos not by Myron. Brunn (p. 475) showed that Ladas was a Spartan because of P., III, 21. I and VIII, 12.5; Benndorf (_op. cit._, p. 13) thought that he was an Argive. Kuhnert (_Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., XIV, p. 269 n. 13) argued that the Argive statue was set up by the Argive state, an improbable assumption if Ladas were a Spartan. A different Ladas is the stade runner from Aigion, mentioned by P., III, 21.1, and X, 23.14.
[2478] Kallias won παγκράτιον in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): P. V, 9.3. He was περιοδονίκης: _C. I. A._, I, 419. _Cf._ Foerster, 208; Hyde, 50. Three other Athenian victors at Olympia named Kallias are known: Kallias, son of Pheinippos, won κέλητι in Ol. 54 (= 564 B. C.): Foerster, 104; Rutgers, p. 21; Kallias, son of Hipponikos, grandson of preceding, won τεθρίππῳ thrice in Ol. (?) 74, and Ols. 83, 84 (= 484, 448, 444 B. C.): Foerster, 186 a, 242, 247; Rutgers, p. 142; Kallias, mentioned by Polyb., XXVIII, 16, won παγκράτιον in the second century B. C.: _cf._ Foerster, under no. 208.
[2479] Inscribed base found: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _I. G. B._, 41.
[2480] _C. I. A._, I, 419. The painter Mikon, mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXV, 59, is also named by him as a sculptor of athlete statues: _op. cit._, XXXIV, 88; he is also known from an inscription found on the Akropolis at Athens: _C. I. A._, I, 418; _I. G. B._, 42.
[2481] Diagoras won πύξ in Ol. 79 (= 464 B. C.): schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 157, and _Oxy. Pap._ He was περιοδονίκης, and his other victories are mentioned by Pindar and the scholiast on the ode cited. On Diagoras, see H. van Gelder, _Geschichte der alten Rhodier_, 1900, p. 435; on Kallikles, see Robert, _O. S._, pp. 194 f. _Cf._ Rutgers, p. 43; Foerster, 220; Hyde, 59.
[2482] Boeckh, p. 157 and _cf._ p. 159; _F. H. G._, IV, p. 410 (= Gorgon, fragm. 3).
[2483] Agias was περιοδονίκης. The date of his victory in the παγκράτιον at Olympia can not be determined exactly. Although the dedication of Daochos occurred in the latter half of the fourth century B. C., the time of Lysippos (Preuner = between 339 and 331 B. C.: see _Ein delphisches Weihgeschenk_, 1900, p. 12; Homolle dates it more closely between 338 and 334 B. C.; _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, 440), the victory of Agias fell over a century earlier. Homolle proposed 428 B. C. as the _floruit_ of Agias, but gave no date for his victory at Olympia; Preuner (p. 17) sets the victory before the middle of the fifth century B. C.; K. K. Smith (_Class. Phil._, 1910, pp. 169-174) has proposed Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.), the only lacuna for παγκράτιον in the _Oxy. Pap._; however, Robert (_O. S._, p. 183) has placed Timodemos of Acharnai in that place. Foerster, 214, dates Timodemos Ol. (?) 78 (= 468 B. C.).
[2484] _Pharsalos_, p. 28. See _supra_, pp. 286-287.
[2485] Cheimon won πάλη in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; _cf._ Robert, _O. S._, pp. 171 and 191; Hyde, no. 88. Foerster, 285, had proposed Ol. (?) 94 (= 404 B. C.), on the basis of the older dating of Naukydes = 423-390 B. C. (see Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 107). Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, p. 192, n. 1, thought that the statue at Olympia and the one at Rome were identical; Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, pp. 374 and 423, n. 38 a, has shown that the assumption is unfounded.
[2486] The temple of Peace was built by Vespasian (between A. D. 70 and 75) east of the _Forum Augusti_. Pliny (_H. N._, XXXIV, 84, and XXXV, 102) mentions works of art in it; Josephus (_de Bell. Judaico_, VII, 5.7) also describes it.
[2487] Leon, according to Eustathius, on Iliad, II, 851 (= p. 361, 10), won τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 85 (= 440 B. C.). This date is followed by Schubart, Pausanias und seine Anklaeger, _Jb. f. cl. Philol._, XXX, 1884, p. 99, and Preger, _Inscript. Gr. metricae ex scriptoribus praeter anthologiam collectae_, (Lipsiae, 1891), on no. 128. He won in Ol. 89 (= 424 B. C.), according to Polemon (fragm. 22), the date followed by Foerster, 264 and 264 N. Foerster places Arkesilaos of Sparta (= 250) as victor τεθρίππῳ in Ol. (?) 85; Hyde (13) places Arkesilaos either in Ol. 86 or Ol. 87, leaving Ol. 85 free for Leon. Polemon (fragm. 22) calls Leon the “father of Antikleidas”; Preger, _op. cit._, p. 49, proposes the “son of Antikleidas,” thus having Leon win with his father’s chariot. Bergk, _P. l. G._, III, p. 40, note, changed the name to Antalkidas.
[2488] Fragm., 22 (= schol. on Euripides, _Hippolytus_, 230); see _F. H. G._, III, p. 122; _cf._ _P. l. G._, _l. c._
[2489] Eubotas (on the name, _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 573-574) won στάδιον in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.): Afr.; Xen., _Hell._, I, 2.10; Diodoros, XIII, 68.1; and τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 104 (= 304 B. C.): P., VI, 8.3 and _cf._ VI, 4.2; Foerster, 277, 350; Hyde, 75. Pausanias (VI, 8.3) says that his Olympia statue was made before his victory. Ol. 104 was a non-Olympiad; see on no. 28 _infra_ (Xenodamos), p. 369 and notes.
[2490] Aelian, _Var. Hist._, X, 2.
[2491] Promachos won παγκράτιον in Ol. 94 (= 404 B. C.): see Rutgers, p. 56, n. 4, who gives this date on the basis of P., VII, 27.6, and Ph., 22. _Cf._ Foerster, 286; Hyde, 81.
[2492] He won in an unknown contest, either in the fifth or the fourth century B. C.: Preger, _op. cit._, no. 144, on the basis of the epigram. _Cf._ Foerster, 293a; Foerster, in another place, under no. 159, wrongly refers this same epigram (which he there ascribes to Simonides) to another unknown victor of Argos who won in some gymnic contest, some time between Ols. 65 and 76 (= 527 and 476 B. C.), the dates of Simonides’ sojourn in Greece (_cf._ K. Sittl, _Gesch. d. griech. Litt._, 1884-1887, III, pp. 59 f.). It can, however, refer to but one victor.
[2493] I, 7, p. 1365a and I, 9, p. 1367b.
[2494] _Ap._ Eustath., on Od., XIV, 350 (= p. 1761, 25).
[2495] See G. Kaibel, Quaestiones Simonideae, _Rhein. Mus._, XXVIII, 1873, pp. 452-3. _Cf._ _P. l. G._, III, p. 503; fragm. 163 (Simonides).
[2496] Kyniska won τεθρίππῳ twice in Ols. (?) 96 and 97 (= 396 and 392 B. C.): see Hyde, 7, on the basis of Robert, _O. S._, p. 195; Foerster, 326 and 333, proposed Ols. (?) 100 and 101 (= 380 and 376 B. C.) on the basis of the inscription found at Olympia (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 160; _I. G. B._, no. 99 and p. XXI). _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 143-144.
[2497] She won συνωρίδι some time near the middle of the fourth century B. C.; Foerster, 344, dates the victory Ol. (?) 103 (= 368 B. C.).
[2498] Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, II, 1852, p. 313, n. 29; for King Pausanias, see Thukyd., I, 134.
[2499] Archias won as κῆρυξ in three successive Olympiads: Pollux, IV, 92; the epigram says (ὃς τρὶς ἐκάρυξεν). Foerster, 351, 356, 361; he proposes (see under no. 351) Ols. (?) 104-106 (= 364-356 B. C.).
[2500] _A. Pl._, 372; also in Pollux, IV, 92.
[2501] [Phil]okrates won συνωρίδι about the middle of the fourth century B. C. (see Koehler on the inscription cited in the following note). Foerster, 365, proposes Ol. (?) 107 (= 352 B. C.)
[2502] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1303; see L. Ross, _Die Demen von Attika_, 1846, pp. 80 and 111.
[2503] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1319; Le Bas, _Voyage archéologique_, I, _Attique_, no. 595. The inscription appears to belong to the fourth century B. C.
[2504] Phorystas won as κῆρυξ some time toward the end of the fourth century B. C., _i. e._, in the time of the artist Kaphisias: see Loewy, on the inscription cited in the following note. Foerster, 405, proposes Ol. (?) 117 (= 312 B. C.).
[2505] _C. I. G._, I, 1582; Kaibel, _Epigr. Gr. ex lapid. conlecta_, 1878, no. 938; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 119; Collitz and Bechtel, _Samml. d. gr. Dialekt-Inschr._, 1883-90, no. 945.
[2506] _I. G. B._, 120. See Foerster, under no. 405.
[2507] Aristophon won παγκράτιον some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.), as we infer from the date of the inscription from the base of his statue at Olympia: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 169. _Cf._ Hyde, 123 and p. 51. Foerster, 758 (following Rutgers, p. 122) had left the victory undated.
[2508] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1475. See Ross, _Die Demen von Attika_, no. 70; Le Bas, _Attique_, no. 115.
[2509] Strabo, XII, 4.2 (= C. 624).
[2510] Attalos won ἅρματι πώλων some time during the reign of his older brother Philetairos, founder of the Attalid dynasty, _i. e._, between Ols. 124 and 129 (= 284 and 264 B. C.): see Foerster, 436. An epigram of the philosopher Arkesilaos of Pitane (mentioned by Foerster), celebrating the chariot-race of this Attalos, is preserved by Diog. Laert., IV, 6.30; _cf._ Fraenkel on the inscription, no. 10 (see next note).
[2511] _Inschr v. Pergamon_ (ed. Fraenkel), 1890, I, nos. 10-12; _cf._ _I. G. B._, no. 157.
[2512] He won παγκράτιον ἀνδρῶν in Ol. 211 (= 67 A. D.): P., X, 36.9.
[2513] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 110.
[2514] P., VI, 22.2.
[2515] _Ibid._
[2516] P., VI, 22.3; 4.2; _cf._ 8.3 (where Eubotas won τεθρίππῳ, no. 17 _supra_).
[2517] V, pp. 454-455; _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., III, 2, p. 829.
[2518] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, V, 7.
[2519] Suetonius, _Nero_, 24; Dio Cassius, LXIII, 14. Foerster, 642-647.
[2520] _Cf._ also Schubart, Pausanias u. seine Anklaeger, _Jb. f. cl. Philologie_, XXIX, 1883, pp. 472 f.; Brunn, _ibid._, XXX, 1884, p. 24; and Foerster, 641 and under no. 638.
[2521] T. Phlabios Artemidoros won παγκράτιον twice. He was also περιοδονίκης. The _Magna Capitolia_, in which he was also victor, were instituted by Domitian in 86 A. D.; Foerster, 657, 661, proposes Ols. (?) 215 and 216 (= 81 and 85 A. D.) for the two victories.
[2522] _C. I. G._, III, 5806; Kaibel, _Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital._, 1890, no. 746.
[2523] T. Phlabios Metrobios won δόλιχος, first of his countrymen, in Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.): _cf._ Boeckh on the inscription (see next note) and Rutgers, p. 91, n. 2; Foerster, 665. He was also περιοδονίκης and won δόλιχος at the _Capitolia_ in Rome, as “first of all men.”
[2524] _C. I. G._, II, 2682.
[2525] Sarapion won πὺξ παίδων in Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.): P., VI, 23.6. _Cf._ Foerster, 667; Rutgers, p. 91, n. 3, who doubts whether Sarapion was an Olympic victor, though Pausanias says that he was.
[2526] _I. e._, Sarapion, from Alexandria, who won στάδιον in Ol. 204 (= 37 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 620; Rutgers, p. 86; another Sarapion, from Alexandria, who, Pausanias (V. 21.18) says, came to Olympia in Ol. 201 (= 25 A. D.) to enter the παγκράτιον, but ran away the day before the contest and was fined for cowardice; Sarapion of Magnesia ad Sipylum, victor in an unknown contest and at an unknown date, known from an inscription from Tralles: _C. I. G._, II, 2933; Foerster, 824; Rutgers, p. 156.
[2527] M. Aurelios Demetrios won παγκράτιον some time before his son’s victory in the same contest in Ol. 240 (= 181 A. D.), as we learn from the inscription mentioned in the next note; _cf._ Rutgers, p. 96; Foerster, 719. Foerster, 682, therefore proposes Ol. (?) 225 (= 121 A. D.) for the father’s victory; _cf._ Rutgers, p. 122. Both father and son were περιοδονῖκαι. The father was called ὁ παράδοξος.
[2528] _C. I. G._, III, 5912, 5913, and 5914; Kaibel, _Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital._, 1102-1104.
[2529] This victor won πάλη ἀνδρῶν, first of his countrymen, in Ol. 229 (= 137 A. D.); date from the inscription (see next note); Foerster, 691.
[2530] _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, pp. 80 f. (P. Foucart).