Chapter 22
Part 22
IRELAND. Antrim, 310, 358 Armagh, 115 Arran, Island of, 469 Ballykillen Bog, King’s Co., 408 Ballymena, Antrim, 342, 421 Bann River, 198, 349; Lower, 353; Valley of, 286 Belfast Lough, 286 Cookstown, Tyrone, 154 Cork, 234, 251 Dundrum, Down, 466 Bay, 20 Farney, 223, 224 Ireland, 84, 85, 124, 128, 130, 137, 140, 142, 150, 175, 177, 194, 218, 223, 224, 232, 237, 241, 242, 247, 251, 253, 269, 270, 310, 320, 322, 326, 328, 329, 342, 365, 372, 390, 392, 394, 399, 400, 420, 422, 428, 437, 468 Kanestown Bog, Antrim, 408 Kilkenny, 258 Killarney, 234 Lough Gur, 224 Lough Neagh, 77, 175, 181, 291, 649 Monaghan, 154 Portglenone, 353 Toome Bridge, Lough Neagh, 286 Trillick, Tyrone, 445 Tullamore, King’s Co., 224 Ulster, 73, 92, 286
FRANCE
AISNE. Aisne, 401, 647 Caranda, 327 Chassemy, 252 Laon, 402 Sablonnières, 397 Soissons, 109, 327
ALPES MARITIMES. Mentone, 475, 487
ARDÈCHE. Du Charnier, 327
ARIÈGE. Massat, Caves of, 560 Pyrenees, Caves of the, 281
AUBE. Troyes, 527
AUVERGNE. Province of, 43, 286, 402 Corente, 401
AVEYRON. Des Costes, 401 Mont Sargel, 160 Mur de Barrez, 35 Pilaude, 401 St. Jean d’Alcas, 327, 354, 401 Taurine, Dolmen of, 401 Vinnac, Dolmen of, 352
BRITTANY. Province of, 57, 62, 109, 142, 253, 268, 395, 400, 401 Carnac, 135, 212, 249, 465 Ile d’Arg, 318 La Table des Marchands, Locmariaker, 153 Ploucour, 340
CHAMPAGNE. Province of, 69, 528
CHARENTE. Department of, 187, 262, 335 Bernac, Dolmen of, 77, 401 La Péruse, 401 Tilloux, 528
CORRÈZE. Department of, 528
CÔTE D’OR. Labruyère, 144
CÔTES DU NORD. Department of, 400, 428 Bois du Rocher, Dinan, 528
DAUPHINÉ. Province of, 133
DORDOGNE. Department of, 262, 528 Caves of, 292, 296, 329, 476, 478–481 La Madelaine, 248, 484, 505 Laugerie basse, 506 Laugerie haute, 53, 498 Le Moustier, 79, 483, 496, 500, 501, 515, 548 Les Eyzies, 501, 506 Mas d’Azil, 484
EURE ET LOIRE. Chateaudun, 252 Marboué, 528 Neuilly-sur-Eure, 327 St. Jean, Chateaudun, 109 St. Prest, Chartres, 658
FINISTÈRE. Department of, 141
FRANCE. 22, 70, 85, 87, 97, 113, 114, 124, 125, 127, 130–136, 140, 147, 154, 186, 205, 216, 286, 299, 310, 311, 320, 325, 395, 396, 435, 465, 470, 653, 657; North of, 93; South of, 40, 43, 245, 277, 333, 475, 476, 480, 481, 510, 511
GARD. Department of, 401 Grailhe, Dolmen of, 354 Grotte des Morts, Durfort, 335, 337, 402 Grotte du Castellet, 373, 401 Grotte Duruthy, 327
GERS. Pauilhac, Valley of Gers, 286
GIRONDE. Department of, 401
HAUTE GARONNE. Aurignac, Cave of, 499 Toulouse, 528
INDRE ET LOIRE. Department of, 528 Pressigny le Grand, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 69, 262, 278, 286
LANDES. Department of, 401 Poyanne, 231 Sourdes, 43
LOIR ET CHER. Pontlevoy, 69, 314, 396 Vendôme, 538
LOIRE INFÉRIEURE. Department of, 135 Dijon, 465 Mont Beuvray, 144 Penhouet, St. Nazaire-sur-Loire, 160 Pornic, 176
LORRAINE. Province of, 286
LOZÈRE. Dolmens of the, 268, 327, 354
LYONNAIS. Mont d’Or, 244
MACONNAIS. District of the, 528
MORBIHAN. Department of, 385 Bernon, Arzon, 109 Cruguel, 400 Rocher de Beg-er-Goallenner, Quiberon, 318
NIÈVRE. Department of, 528
NORD. Quiévy, 528
OISE. Beauvais, 182, 528, 541 Breteuil, 109 Camp de Catenoy, 69, 176, 262, 286, 396 Champignolles, 35 Hermes, 314 Montguillain, Beauvais, 528, 541 Sérifontaine, 35
PAS DE CALAIS. Guînes, 528 Hydrequent, 647 Sangatte, 528 Vaudricourt, Béthune, 554
PÉRIGORD. Province of, 101
PICARDY. Province of, 246
POITOU. Province of, 71, 73, 77, 262, 295, 647 Poitiers, 244 Tombelle de Brioux, 141 Villaigres, 401
PUY DE DÔME. Clermont Ferrand, 401, 402, 559 Gergovia, 286
PYRÉNÉES. Caverns of the, 505 Nougaroulet, 131
SAÔNE ET LOIRE. Camp de Chassey, 159, 324, 401 Saône, Valley of the, 401 Solutré, 484
SAVOIE. Lac du Bourget, 246 Lakes of, 439 Savoie, 234
SEINE. Clichy, 703 Paris, 109, 528, 656, 659, 703 Seine, at Paris, 77, 186, 187, 327 Seine, Valley of the, 528
SEINE ET MARNE. Chelles, 528 Grand Morin, 528
SEINE ET OISE. Allée Couverte, Argenteuil, 160, 327 Argenteuil, 401, 465
SEINE INFÉRIEURE. Argues, Dieppe, 528 Auquemesnil, 231 Dieppe, 528 Eu, 109 Londinières, 177, 401 St. Saen, 528 Sotteville, Rouen, 528 Vauvray, 160
SOMME. Abbeville, 68, 258, 527 Amiens, 77, 241, 527, 698 Camp de César, Pontrémy, 174 Drucat, 707 Menchecourt, Abbeville, 701 Mesnil-en-Arronaise, 187 Miannay, Abbeville, 109 Montiers, 69, 77, 541, 616, 642, 701 Porte Marcadé, 555 St. Acheul, 483, 526 Somme River, 647 Somme Valley, 69, 160, 262, 490, 526, 554, 584, 698 Thenay, 528, 658 Thézy, 528
TARN ET GARONNE. Bruniquel, Cave of, 296, 505, 506
TOURAINE. Province of, 30
VIENNE. Châtellerault, 69 Coussay les Bois, 528 Savanseau, 327 Thorus, Poitiers, 395
YONNE. Sens, 528
AUSTRIA. Austria, 404, 529 Egenburg, 404 Hallstatt, Salzkammergut, 84, 188, 234, 269, 460, 464 Hungary, 268, 529 Salzburg, 163 Styria, 194, 255
BELGIUM AND NETHERLANDS. Aerschot, 161 Belgium, 71, 72, 87, 92, 97, 113, 262, 278, 286, 310, 318, 396, 470, 475, 478, 481 Brussels, 109 Curange, 528 Flanders, 145 Gelderland, 232, 391, 403 Ghlin, 23 Groningen, 205 Hasledon, 402 Heistert, Roermond, 403 Holland, 58 Luxembourg, 262, 403 Maffles, 109 Mesvin, 528 Meuse, District of, 325 Mons, 90 Namur, 396 Samson, 397 Spiennes, Mons, 27, 34, 77, 80, 93, 248, 278, 354 Trou de Chaleux, 318, 501 Winterswyk, 163 Yvoir, 402
DENMARK, NORWAY, AND SWEDEN. (SCANDINAVIA.) Aarhus, Jutland, 310 Assens, 430 Denmark, 27, 32, 43, 49, 51, 57, 58, 62, 68, 69, 71, 73, 76, 77, 84, 85, 97, 104, 114, 118, 121, 125, 142, 144, 169, 177, 178, 191, 194, 197, 205, 218, 222, 237, 247, 261, 264, 268, 296, 310, 353, 355, 396, 404, 413, 419, 422, 430, 478, 479, 601 Faroe Islands, 445 Iceland, 410 Jutland, 118 Langeland, 430 Lindormabacken, Scania, 396 Norway, 57, 348, 358, 404, 450 Scandinavia, 28, 43, 170, 174, 184, 232, 252, 261, 271, 278, 286, 296, 297, 327, 355, 396, 434, 469 Store Lyngby, Denmark, 70 Sweden, 57, 77, 85, 154, 177, 178, 185, 261, 339, 348, 353, 404, 418 Thorsbjerg, 271 Vissenberg, Odense, Isle of Fünen, 409
GERMANY. Bavaria, 58, 469 Berlin, 163 Bohemia, 51, 101 Brandenburg, 186, 253 Brunswick, 191 Camenz, 49 Cracow, 358 Dienheim, 160 Gerdauen, 187 Germany, 22, 57, 58, 145, 160, 177, 181, 182, 184, 194, 197, 205, 232, 244, 297, 353, 396, 403, 404, 408, 529 Gonsenheim, Mainz, 144 Hanover, 435 Inzighofen, Sigmaringen, 404 Island of Rügen, 252 Jülich, 64 Kästrich, Gonsenheim, 109 Lang Eichstätt, 163 Lüneburg, 194, 468 Mainz, 182, 191, 267 Martha’s Hof, Bonn, 58 Mitterberg, Bischofshofen, 234 Monsheim, 252, 268 Moravia, 58 Neverstorff, Schleswig Holstein, 310 Ochsenfurt, Lower Franconia, 431 Oldenburg, 404 Oldenstadt, Lüneburg, 232 Pomerania, 403 Posen, 296 Prenzlow, 431 Prussia, 252, 294 Rhenish-Hesse, 286 Rhine, 259, 271, 404 Schleswig, 448 Schraplau, 163 Scudnitz, Schweinitz, 191 Sigmaringen, 177 Soden, 136 Thuringia, 403 Torgau, 63 Trier, 315 Uelzen, Hanover, 185 Weser and Elbe, district between, 163 Wesseling on the Rhine, 109 Wiesbaden, 283
GREECE. Greece, 61, 62, 114, 126, 127, 337, 529 Marathon, 286, 368, 403 Megalopolis, 530 Melos, Island of, 28, 278 Mycenæ, 403, 439 Sardis, Lydia, 117 Tanagra, Bœotia, 205
ITALY. Bergamo, 403 Brescia, 337 Brionio, Veronese, 386 Ceppagna, Molise, 529 Civitanova, Piceno, 403 Cumarola, Modena, 402 Elba, Island of, 310, 367, 403 Gabbiano, Abruzzo, 529 Imola, 200 Imolese, 529 Italy, 59, 120, 126, 142, 205, 221, 287, 299, 310, 529; Central, 403, 655; Northern, 47, 129, 397, 402; Southern, 396 Majorca, 357 Mantua, 391 Mercurago, Arona, 402 Perugia, 367, 396, 403, 529 Piedmont, 242 Sicily, 114 Telese, Pæstum, 327, 333, 354 Tiber Valley, 529 Tuscany, 333 Varese, Lago di, 267, 268, 396, 402 Vercelli, 333 Vibrata, Valley of, 402
PORTUGAL. Algarve, 287 Casa da Moura, 255, 268 Leiria, 529 Portugal, 44, 133, 140, 182, 247, 284, 372, 396, 403, 463, 459, 470 Ruy Gomes, copper-mines of, Alemtejo, 234
RUSSIA. Aleutian Islands, 48, 166 Archangel, 404 Armenia, Russian, 169 Caucasus, 169, 405 Courland, 184 Ekaterinoslav, 404 Finland, 181, 186, 215 Kiev, 358 Koulpe, salt-mines of, 169 Kozarnia, Poland, 332 Lithuania, 47, 181, 194 Livonia, 184 Moscow, 358 Olonetz, 278, 404 Russia, 181, 205, 215, 310, 355, 358, 456, 529 Siberia, 181, 245, 488 Vladimir, 78, 354, 372 Volhynia, 358
SPAIN. Albuñol, 287 Andalusia, 105, 333, 403 Cadiz, 130 Cantabria, 65 Cerro Muriano, 234 Cordova, 234 Cueva de los Murciélagos, 262 Genista Cave, Gibraltar, 252, 287, 428, 433 Gibraltar, 177, 182 Manzanares Valley, 529, 653 Milagro, 234 San Isidro, Madrid, 529 Spain, 44, 58, 247, 252, 284, 296, 396, 403, 428 Villanueva del Rey, 234
SWITZERLAND. Agiez, Vaud, 185 Attersee, 357 Auvernier, 310 Bodmann, 22, 357 Bully, Neufchâtel, 528 Concise, 158, 161, 232 Cortaillod, 418 Geissboden, moss of, 409 Greug, 281 Inkwyl, 348, 470 Lausanne, 327 Meilon, 323 Moosseedorf, 22 Nussdorf, 167, 246, 292, 310, 402 Robenhausen, 15, 155, 159, 432 Sipplingen, 167, 182 Swiss Lake Dwellings, 43, &c. Switzerland, 46, 47, 51, 136, 162, 167, 170, 177, 182, 191, 232, 242, 250, 262, 267, 292, 402, 408, 443 Ueberlinger See, 167, 402 Unter Uhldingen, 16 Vaud, Canton de, 287 Wauwyl, 22 Zurich, 269
TURKEY IN EUROPE. Armenia, 141 Avlona, Albania, 21 Crete, 28 Dardanelles, 652 Kostainicza, Turkish Croatia, 367 Transcaucasia, 287
AFRICA. Accra, 127 Æthiopia, 368 Africa, 60, 245, 250, 410; Northern, 284, 405, 653; South, 155, 216, 231, 277, 337, 370, 654 Aleppo, 284 Alexandria, 169 Algeria, 182, 287, 405 Assiut, 369 Cape Colony, 653 Cape of Good Hope, 248, 310 Capetown, 288 Diamond Fields, 653 East London, 653 Egypt, 51, 60, 113, 167, 169, 214, 223, 247, 277, 284, 287, 293, 297, 320, 344, 354, 358, 359, 368, 391, 394, 395, 417, 652 Embabaan, Swaziland, 653 Gafsa, Tunis, 652 Gold Coast, 60, 127, 231 Grahamstown, 288 Helouan, Egypt, 297, 325 Issutugan River, Somaliland, 652 Kolea, Algeria, 652 Kahun, 45 Libyan Desert, 287 Madeira, 284 Medum, Egypt, 170 Natal, 322, 653 Naucratis, 242, 243 Ousidan, Algeria, 652 Palikao, Algeria, 652 Port Beaufort, Cape of Good Hope, 241 Port Elizabeth, 653 Process-fontein, Victoria West, 653 Qûrnah, Egypt, 71 Sahara, 405 Somaliland, 652, 653 Southern Shoa, 299 Spring of Moses, Cairo, 652 Teneriffe, 284 Thebes, 71; tombs of the Kings at, 652 Tunis, 405 Wady Maghara, 6, 234, 405
AMERICA. Alabama, 219 Alaska, 25 America, Arctic, 355; Central, 24, 80, 216; North, 24, 50, 52, 85, 97, 121, 127, 165, 167, 182, 215, 231, 244, 250, 257, 264, 299, 348, 349, 353, 370, 372, 405, 406, 410, 411, 423, 428, 433, 440, 470; South, 250, 394, 418 Araucania, 406 Arica, 407 Barbados, 182 Bolivia, 157, 169, 178, 232, 239 Brazil, 59, 157, 166 California, 37, 231, 268, 293, 409; North, 39, 40 Canada, 182 Cape Lisburne, 37 Cayuga County, New York, 71, 244 Chili, 231, 406, 407 Chiriqui, 103 Cloud River, 25, 39 Comayagua, Spanish Honduras, 337 Copiapo, 406 Costa Rica, 141 Delaware Water Gap, 247; River, 241 Greenland, 241, 246, 286, 294, 404, 405 Guadaloupe, 155, 218 Guiana, 169; British, 141, 169; Dutch, 271 Honduras, 78, 337, 353 Icy Cape, 292, 347 Jamaica, 129 Kotzebue Gulf, 38 Lake Erie, 237; Superior, copper-mines near, 235 Merrimac Valley, 257 Mexico, 23, 24, 39, 155, 191, 216, 239, 278, 288, 289, 290, 294, 310, 354, 406, 439 Missouri, 80 Napo River, Ecuador, 170 Newfoundland, 182, 310, 406 New Granada, 407 New Jersey, 355 New Mexico, 367 New York, State of, 237 Nootka Sound, 157, 434 Ohio Valley, 50, 288 Oregon, 406 Patagonia, 322, 406, 422 Pemberton, New Jersey, 58 Pennsylvania, 268 Peru, 24, 232, 239, 407 Puget’s Sound, 166 Queen Charlotte’s Islands, 25 Quito, 142 Rio Frio, Nicaragua, 155 Rio Grande, Patagonia, 406 Rio Negro, Patagonia, 52, 406 St. George’s Sound, 235 St. Isabel, Brazil, 257 South Carolina, 136, 232, 257 Smith’s Sound, 15 Snake River, 40 Straits of de Fuca, 166 Surinam, 169 Tennessee, 171, 337 Tezcuco, Mexico, 355 Tierra del Fuego, 15, 39, 299, 406, 498 Trenton, New Jersey, 80, 654 Vancouver’s Island, 236 Victoria River, 26 Virginia, 40 West India Islands, 129 Yucatan, 78
ASIA. Abu Shahrein, S. Babylonia, 651 Abydos, 45, 393, 395 Abyssinia, 250 Arabian Desert, 278, 286 Arconum, India, 232 Asia, 277; Minor, 126, 127 Assam, 59, 114 Banda District, India, 325 Bethsaour, Bethlehem, 652 Bundelcund, 88 Burma, 59, 158 Cambodia, 60, 158, 181 Ceylon, 445 Euphrates Valley, 653 Ghenneh, Wady Sireh, Sinai, 405 Hissar, Damghan, Persia, 405 Hyderabad, 651 India, 62, 97, 126, 127, 140, 141, 158, 232, 262, 278, 405, 468, 481, 650, 654 Indus River, 23 Jerusalem, 652; Nablus road from, 287 Jubbulpore, 232, 276, 288 Madras Presidency, 89, 651 Mahanuddy River, 23 Malprabba Valley, 651 Mount Lebanon, 405 Mount Sinai, 405 Mount Tabor, 652 Muquier, S. Babylonia, 114 Narbada Valley, 651 Orissa, 651 Pergamum, 232 Persia, 306 Ranchi, Chota-Nagpore, 405 Siam, 121 South Mahratta, 651 South Mirzapore, 651 Tiryns, 403 Trichinopoly, 239 Troy, site of, 187, 206, 235, 253, 297, 418, 439 Upper Scinde, 23 Vindhya Hills, 325 Yun-nan, Southern China, 110, 114, 127
OCEANIA, &c. Admiralty Islands, 156, 288, 498 Australia, 25, 80, 82, 85, 97, 137, 166, 167, 170, 171, 243, 245, 250, 277, 288, 293 Borneo, 97 Carandotta, Australia, 293 Caroline Islands, 164 Celebes, 162 Easter Island, 289 Entrecasteaux Islands, 162 Fiji, 164 Hervey Islands, 76 Japan, 59, 97, 114, 116, 128, 181, 322, 355, 358, 405 Java, 59, 114 King George’s Sound, 293 Malay Peninsula, 121 Mangaia, 167 Murray River, Australia, 167, 293 New Caledonia, 162, 163, 164, 210, 419 New Guinea, 162, 216 New Hanover, Island of, 156 New Ireland, 167 New Zealand, 45, 48, 52, 138, 166, 172, 178, 216 Perak, 114 Polynesia, 69, 167, 420 Queensland, 293 Samoa, 439 Savage Islands, 166, 418 Solomon Islands, 182 South Sea Islands, 166 Tahiti, 167, 263, 419 Tasmania, 171, 468 Torres Straits, 216
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NOTES—CHAPTER I.
[1] Some interesting remarks on the succession of the three periods and the possibility of abnormal variations from it will be found in a lecture to the Archæological Institute delivered by the late Mr. E. T. Stevens in 1872. (_Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix., p. 393.)
[2] 1872, p. 11, _et seqq._
[3] _Mém._, vol. xii., 163.
[4] _Archæologia_, vol. ii. p. 118.
[5] p. 778.
[6] I would especially refer to an excellent article by the Rev. John Hodgson in Vol. I. of the _Archæologia Æliana_ (A.D. 1816), entitled “An inquiry into the æra when brass was used in purposes to which iron is now applied.”
[7] “Op. et Di.,” I., 150.
[8] “De Rerum Nat.,” v. 1282.
[9] Suetonius, Vit. Aug., cap. lxxii. M. Salomon Reinach has disputed my views as to the meaning of this passage, but I see no reason for changing my opinion as to the “arma heroum” referring to “res vetustate notabiles.” (See _Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscr._, 14th Dec., 1888.)
[10] “Laconica,” cap. 3.
[11] Op., ed. 1624, vol. i., p. 17.
[12] Wilkinson, “Anc. Egypt.,” vol. iii. p. 241.
[13] Æn., 1. vii. 743.
[14] Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν ἔλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους, Jul. Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24.
[15] Macrobius, “Saturnal.,” v. 19. Rhodiginus, “Antiq. Lect.,” xix. c. 10.
[16] Met., lib. vii. 228.
[17] Homer, Il., xxiii. 826.
[18] _Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache, &c._ 1870, p. 114.
[19] _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, p. 242.
[20] See a valuable paper by Dr. L. Beck, _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. xii. (1880) p. 293.
[21] See De Rougemont, “L’Age du Bronze,” p. 159.
[22] See Percy’s “Metallurgy,” vol. i. p. 873.
[23] De Rougemont, _op. cit._, p. 158. See “Ancient Bronze Imps.,” p. 6, _seqq._
[24] Photii “Bibliotheca,” _ed._ 1653, col. 1343.
[25] _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. xx. p. 330.
[26] Lib. i. c. 21.
[27] “Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt und dessen Alterthümer.” Vienna, 1868.
[28] London, 1881.
[29] De Nat. Deor., Lib. ii. c. 28.
[30] Lib. iv. c. 28.
[31] Lib. i. v. 66.
[32] “Early History of Mankind,” p. 218; 2nd edit. p. 221, _q. v._
[33] Lib. ii. 86.
[34] Lib. i. 91.
[35] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. 112.
[36] Exod. iv. 25.
[37] Josh. v. 2.
[38] Ib. xxiv. 30.
[39] See also Tylor’s “Early History of Mankind,” 2nd ed., p. 217. The entire chapter on the Stone Age, Past and Present, is well worthy of careful perusal, and enters more fully into the whole question of the Stone Age throughout the world than comes within my province.
[40] _C. R. du Cong. Int. des Sc. Anth._ 1878. Paris 1880, p. 280. _Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences_, vol. lxiii, August 28, 1871.
[41] _Comptes Rendus_, 1871, vol. lxxiii. p. 540.
[42] Livy, lib. i. c. 24.
[43] Rapt. Proserp. I. 201.
[44] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 136. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 169.
[45] _Arch. für Anthropol._, vol. iii. 16.
[46] “Coins of the Ancient Britons,” pp. 42, 263, _et alibi_.
[47] Herodian, lib. iii. c. 14.
[48] “Cat. of Stone Ant. in R. I. A. Mus.,” p. 81.
[49] Wood’s “Nat. Hist. of Man,” i. p. 97.
[50] Klemm, “Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft,” part i. p. 86. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. 360.
[51] Mitchell’s “Past in the Present,” p. 10, 44. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xix. p. 385, xx. p. 146, xxiii. p. 16.
[52] _Phil. Trans._, 1860, p. 311. _Archæologia_, vol. xxxviii. p. 293.
[53] “Prehistoric Times,” (1865), p. 60.
NOTES—CHAPTER II.
[54] This chapter was for the most part written in 1868, and communicated to the International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology held at Norwich in that year. See _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 191, where a short abstract is given.
[55] _N. and Q._ 7th S., vol. x. p. 172.
[56] _Mat._ 3me S., vol. ii. (1885) p. 61.
[57] _Op. cit._, p. 38.
[58] Spec. Naturæ, lib. ix. sect. 13.
[59] Morlot in _Rec. Arch._, vol. v. (1862), p. 216. _Geologist_, vol. v. p. 192. Engelhardt found several similar pieces of pyrites at Thorsbjerg, with iron and other antiquities of about the fourth century of our era. He says that steels for striking fire are not at present known as belonging to the Early Iron Age of Denmark. This late use of pyrites affords strong evidence of iron and steel having been unknown to the makers of flint implements, for had they made use of iron hammers, the superior fire-giving properties of flint and iron would at once have been evident, and pyrites would probably soon have been superseded, at all events in countries where flint abounded.—Engelhardt, “Thorsbjerg Mosefund,” p. 60; p. 65 in the English edit. The quartz pebbles with grooves in them which belong to the Iron Age seem, however, to have been used for producing fire by means of a pointed steel.
[60] Weddell, “Voyage towards the South Pole,” p. 167; Tylor, “Early History of Mankind,” 2nd edit., p. 249. Wood’s “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 522.
[61] Hist. Nat., lib. xxxvi. cap. 19.
[62] Lib. vii. cap. 56.
[63] II. Macc. x. 3.
[64] Æneid, i. v. 174.
[65] Æneid, vi. v. 6. See also (Georg. I. 135)—“Ut silicis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem.” On this passage Fosbroke remarks (Enc. Ant. i. 307), “A stone with a vein was chosen as now.”
[66] Eidyllia, v. 42.
[67] Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” p. 119.
[68] Vol. ii. p. 536. Bohn’s edit., 1846.
[69] An interesting paper on tinder-boxes will be found in _The Reliquary_, vii. p. 65. See also Mitchell’s “Past in the Present,” p. 100, and _Arch. Camb._, 5th s., vol. vii. p. 294.
[70] Stevens’. “Flint Chips,” p. 588.
[71] _Op. cit._, vol. ii., p. 537.
[72] “Classe Mathématique et Physique,” t. 3, an. ix. An abstract of this account is given in Rees’ Encyclop., _s. v_. Gun-flint.
[73] “Physische und technische Beschreibung der Flintensteine,” &c., von Hacquet. Wien, 1792, 8vo. A nearly similar account is given in Winckell’s “Handbuch für Juger,” &c., 1822, Theil iii. p. 546.
[74] Skertchly, _op. cit._, p. 78.
[75] _Mat._, 3me, s. ii., 1885, p. 61.
[76] An account of the process of making gun-flints, written by the late Mr. James Wyatt, F.G.S., has been published in Stevens’ “Flint Chips,” p. 578. A set of gun-flint makers’ tools is in the Musée de St. Germain, and the process of manufacture has been described by M. G. de Mortillet (“Promenades,” p. 69). An account of a visit to Brandon is given by Mr. E. Lovett in _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, xxi p. 206, and an article on “Flint-Knapping,” by Mr. H. F. Wilson, is in the _Magazine of Art_, 1887, p. 404.
[77] See _postea_ p. 273.
[78] Petrie, “Medum,” 1892, Pl. xxix., p. 18, 34.
[79] _Nature_, vol. xxv. p. 8.
[80] P. 52.
[81] “Bosnia and Herzegovina,” 2nd ed. (1877), p. 153, _B.A. Rep._ 1885, p. 1216.
[82] “Stone Age,” p. 6.
[83] “Lake-dwellings,” p. 36.
[84] _l. c._ pp. 86 and 97.
[85] _Comptes Rendus_, 1867, vol. lxv. p. 640.
[86] Troyon, “Mon. de l’Antiquité,” p. 52.
[87] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 385.
[88] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd series, vol. iii. p. 38.
[89] _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. (1866) p. 433.
[90] “Monarquia Indiana,” lib. xvii. cap. 1, Seville, 1615, translated by E. B. Tylor, “Anahuac,” p. 331. See a correction of Mr. Tylor’s translation in the _Comptes Rendus_, vol. lxvii. p. 1296.
[91] Tylor’s “Anahuac,” p. 332.
[92] P. 871.
[93] _Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada_, 1889, p. 59.
[94] Tylor’s “Anahuac,” p. 99.
[95] “Last Rambles amongst the Indians,” 1868, p. 188. The whole passage is reprinted in “Flint Chips,” p. 82.
[96] B. B. Redding in _Am. Naturalist_, Nov., 1880. _Nature_, vol. xxi. p. 613.
[97] _Transactions of the Ethnological Society_, N. S., vol. iv. p. 242.
[98] _Op. cit._, N. S., vol. i. p. 138.
[99] “Völkerkunde,” vol. ii. (1888), p. 748.
[100] _Zeitsch. f. Ethnol._, vol. xvi. p. 222.
[101] _Rep. of U.S. Nat. Mus._, 1888, Niblack, Pl. xxii.
[102] _Rep. of Bureau of Ethn._, 1887–8, p. 95.
[103] _Anthrop. Rev._, vol. iv. p. civ. Mr. Baines has also communicated an interesting letter on this subject, with illustrations, to Mackie’s “Geol. Repertory,” vol. i. p. 258.
[104] _Archæologia_, vol. xl. p. 381. See also Prof. Steenstrup and Sir John Lubbock in the _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. v. p. 221.
[105] _Arch._, vol. xlii. p. 68. _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxv. p. 88. _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxiv. p. 145. _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. v. p. 357; vi. p. 263, 430; vii. p. 413.
[106] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. ii. p. 419. See also _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 419.
[107] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. 73.
[108] Pennant describes a flint axe as having been found stuck in a vein of coal exposed to the day in Craig y Parc, Monmouthshire.
[109] “Rapport sur les Découvertes Géologiques et Archéologiques faites à Spiennes en 1867.” Par A. Briart, F. Cornet, et A. Houzeau de Lehaie. Mons, 1868. Malaise, _Bull. de l’Ac. Roy. de Belg._, 2° S. vols. xxi. and xxv., and _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 310. See also _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, p. 279; _l’Anthropologie_, vol. ii. p. 326. _Mat._ 3me s. vol. i. (1884), p. 65, likewise _Bull. de la Soc. d’Anthrop. de Bruxelles_, tom. viii. 1889–90, Pl I. C. Engelhardt has described Spiennes and Grime’s Graves in the _Aarb. for Oldkynd._, 1871, p. 327. What appears to have been a neolithic flint mine at Crayford, Kent, has been described by Mr. Spurrell, _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 332. The Deneholes were probably dug for the extraction of chalk and not of flint.
[110] _l’Anthropologie_, vol. ii. (1891) 445.
[111] _Mat._, 3me s. vol. iv. (1887) p. 1.
[112] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxviii. 220.
[113] Cochet, “Seine Inf.,” pp. 16. 528. _Archivio per l’Antropol., &c._, vol. i. p. 489.
[114] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxx. (1896) p. 346.
[115] _Mat._, vol. x. (1875) p. 521.
[116] Lartet and Christy’s Rel. Aquit., p. 13.
[117] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N.S., vol. i. p. 139. See also _Rev. Arch._, vol. iii. (1861) p. 341.
[118] “Rel. Aquit.,” p. 18. For the loan of this cut I am indebted to the executors of the late Henry Christy. The same specimen has been engraved by the Rev. J. G. Wood. “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 717. Another example from Greenland is figured in _Mat._, vol. vi. p. 140.
[119] Gastaldi’s “Lake Habitations of Northern and Central Italy,” translated and edited by C. H. Chambers, M.A. (Anth. Soc., 1865), p. 106.
[120] Mortillet, _Mat. pour l’Hist. de l’Homme_, vol. ii. p. 517.
[121] “Flint Chips,” p. 78.
[122] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. vii, p. 263. _Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey_, vol. iii. p. 547.
[123] _Nat._, vol. xxi. p. 615.
[124] _Nat._, vol. xxii. p. 97.
[125] _Amer. Anthrop._, 1895, p. 307. _Nat._, vol. xx. p. 483.
[126] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii. p. 365. “Rel. Aquit.,” p. 17.
[127] “Articles on Anth. Sub.,” 1882, p. 9.
[128] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 212.
[129] Sixth voyage, “Pinkerton’s Travels,” vol. xiii. p. 36, quoted also in “Flint Chips,” p. 79.
[130] Bracer, a girdle or bandage.
[131] Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii. p. 81; see also 467.
[132] _Arch. Journ._, vol. liii. 1896, p. 51.
[133] P. 46.
[134] Mortillet, _Matériaux_, vol. ii. p. 353.
[135] “Pfahlbauten, 1ter Bericht,” p. 71. “Lake-dwellings,” pp. 18, 125. See also Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” taf. xxvii.
[136] _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 47.
[137] _Anzeiger für Schweiz. Alterth._, 1870, p. 123.
[138] “Habit. Lacust.,” p. 19.
[139] See _Comptes Rendus_, vol. lxvii. p. 1292, where a suggestion is made of some stone implements from Java having been sawn in this manner.
[140] An article by Dr. Rudolf Much on the preparation of Stone Implements is in the _Mitth. d. Auth. Ges. in Wien_, 2d. S., vol. ii. (1883), p. 82; and one by Mr. J. D. McGuire, in the _Amer. Anthrop._, vol. v., 1892, p. 165. He has also written on the Evolution of the Art of Working in Stone, in a manner that has called forth a reply from Mr. C. H. Read, F.S.A., _Amer. Anthrop._, 1893, p. 307; 1894. p. 997.
[141] “Illahun, Kahun, and Gurob,” 1891, p. 51.
[142] Fischer in _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. xv., 1884, p. 463.
[143] _The Reliquary_, vol. viii. p. 184.
[144] _Matériaux_, vol. iv. p. 293.
[145] “Prehist. Ann. of Scotland.” 2nd edit., vol. i. p. 193.
[146] “Cat. Stone Ant. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 78.
[147] P. 26.
[148] _Matériaux_, vol. i. p. 463; vol. iii. p. 307.
[149] _Anz. f. Schweiz. Alt._, 1870, pl. xii. 18–20.
[150] _Archivio per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. xx. 1890, p. 378.
[151] “Primeval Ants. of Denmark.” p. 16.
[152] P. 392. _Archiv für Anthrop._, vol. iii. p. 187.
[153] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. iii. pp. 228, 466.
[154] Tylor, “Early Hist, of Mankind,” p. 248.
[155] Wilkinson, “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. ii. pp. 180, 181; vol. iii. pp. 144, 172.
[156] Odyss., ix. 384.
[157] 2nd ed., pp. 341 _et seqq._; see also “Flint Chips,” p. 96.
[158] _Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus._ for 1894, p. 623.
[159] “Guide ill. du Mus. des Ant. du Nord,” 2nd edit. p. 8.
[160] _Anzeiger f. Schweiz. Alt._, 1870, pl. xii. 24. Munro’s “Lake Dw.,” fig. 24, No. 12.
[161] Keller’s “Lake-dwellings,” p. 22. 1ter Bericht, p. 74. See also _Anzeiger für Schweiz. Alterth._, 1870, p. 139.
[162] _Aarsb. Soc. Nor. Ant._, 1877, pl. i. 5. Montelius, “Ant. Suéd.,” 1874, fig. 34.
[163] _Morgenblatt_, No. 253.
[164] “Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft,” vol. i. p. 80. See also Preusker, “Blicke in die Vaterländische Vorzeit,” vol. i. p. 173.
[165] _Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. du Nord_, 1863, p. 149.
[166] “Heidnische Alterthümer,” p. 66.
[167] “Alterthümer. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. i.
[168] “Frederico-Francisceum,” p. 111.
[169] _Journal of the Anthrop. Soc._, vol. vi. p. xlii.
[170] “Archæol. Undersögelser,” 1884.
[171] “Smithson. Report,” 1868, p. 399. “Drilling in Stone without Metal.”
[172] Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. i. p. 93.
[173] _Anzeiger f. Schweiz. Alt._, 1870, p. 143.
[174] _Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, vol. vii. (1878), p. 96.
[175] “Habitations Lacustres,” p. 66. _Rev. Arch._, 1860, vol. i. p. 39.
[176] _Matériaux_, vol. iii. p. 264.
[177] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 294.
[178] “Les Palafittes,” p. 19.
[179] Keller, “Lake Dwellings,” xxv. 1. 7, p. 91.
[180] _Op. cit._, xxvii. 11, 24, p. 110.
[181] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1881, p. 698.
[182] “Thor’s Donnerkeil,” p. 13.
[183] “Stone Age,” p. 79. The boring-tool is, in the English edition, mistakenly called a centre-bit.
[184] “Stone Age,” p. 80.
[185] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 157.
[186] “Mœurs des Sauv. Amér.,” 1724, vol. ii. p. 110. “Flint Chips,” p. 525.
[187] Tylor, “Early Hist. of Mankind,” 2nd edit., p. 191. Wallace, “Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,” p. 278.
[188] C. C. Abbott in _Nature_, vol. xiv. p. 154.
NOTES—CHAPTER III.
[189] Cap. xix. v. 24. It also occurs in a quotation of the passage by St. Jerome, in his “Epist. ad Pammachium.” See _Athenæum_, June 11, 1870.
[190] P. 329, 1. 23.
[191] Vol. iii. p. 418.
[192] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S. vol. vii. p. 395.
[193] _N. and Q._, 5th S. vol. ix. p. 463.
[194] _Op. cit._, x. p. 73.
[195] _Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, vol. xxiv. (1894) p. 84.
[196] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. x. (1876) p. 140.
[197] Barnes, “Notes on Ancient Britain,” 1858, p. 15.
[198] Tylor, “Early Hist. of Man.,” 2nd ed. p. 226, which also see for many of the facts here quoted. See also Tylor’s “Prim. Culture,” vol. ii. p. 237, &c.
[199] Halliwell, “Rambles in West Cornwall,” 1861, p. 205. _Rev. Celt._, 1870, p. 6. Polwhele’s “Traditions, &c.,” 1826, vol. ii. p. 607. _Folk-lore Journ._, vol. i. p. 191.
[200] Sibbald mentions two perforated _cerauniæ_ found in Scotland. “Prod. Nat. Hist. Scot.,” ii. lib. iv. p. 49. See also _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxiv. p. 379.
[201] _Comptes Rendus_, 1864, vol. lix. p. 713. Cochet, “Seine Inf.,” p. 15. B. de Perthes, “Ant. Celt, et Antéd.,” vol. i. p. 522, &c.
[202] F. C. Lukis, F.S.A., in _Reliquary_, viii. p. 208.
[203] _Bull., Soc. de Borda, Dax_, 1894, p. 159. See also De Nadaillac, “Les Premiers Hommes,” vol. i. p. 12; Cartailhac, “La France préh.,” p. 4.
[204] Ibid.
[205] Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pp. 199–201.
[206] “Mus. Wormianum,” p. 74.
[207] Preusker, “Blicke in die Vaterländische Vorzeit,” vol. i. p. 170.
[208] “Old Northern Runic Monuments,” p. 205. _Ant. Tidsskr._, 1852–54, p. 258. Sjöborg, “Samlingar för Nordens Förnälskara,” vol. iii. p. 163.
[209] _Ant. Tidsskr._, 1852–54, p. 8. _Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. du Nord_, 1850–60, p. 28.
[210] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 116.
[211] “Preh. Man,” vol. ii. p. 185.
[212] _Jahrb. d. V. v. Alth. am Rheinl._, Heft lxxvii. 1884, p. 216, lxxix. 1885, p. 280.
[213] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. xxii. 1894, Corr. Bl. p. 102.
[214] _Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, 1882, p. 159. _Zeitsch. f. Eth._, vol. xii. 1880, p. 252.
[215] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 92.
[216] Tylor, “Early Hist. of Man.,” p. 227.
[217] _Ann. for Nord. Oldk._, 1838, p. 159. Klemm., “C. G.,” vol. i. p. 268. Prinz Neuwied, ii. p. 35.
[218] Nicolucci, “di Alcune Armi, &c., in Pietra,” 1863, p. 2.
[219] “Mus. Mosc.,” 1672, p. 144.
[220] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 358; xvi. p. 145. Finlay, “Πρόιστ. Ἀρχάιολ.,” p. 5.
[221] Alexius, Lib. iii. p. 93, _et seqq._, quoted by Gibbon, “Dec. and Fall,” c. 56.
[222] Cartailhac, p. 4.
[223] “Early Hist. of Mankind,” p. 211. Klemm, “Cultur-Geschichte,” vol. vi. p. 467.
[224] Tylor, _op. cit._ 214.
[225] Franks, _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 260.
[226] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxvii. 1895, p. 326.
[227] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 92. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 121.
[228] _Arch. für Anthrop._, vol. iv. _Corr. Blatt_, p. 48. Rumphius, “Curios. Amboin.,” p. 215.
[229] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2d S., vol. iii. p. 97.
[230] _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. lxii. _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. lxi.
[231] _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, July, 1869. _Nature_, vol. ii. p. 104.
[232] Noulet, “L’âge de la pierre en Cambodge,” Toulouse, 1877.
[233] Morlot, _Actes de la Soc. jurass. d’Emul._, 1863. Earl, “Native Races of the Indian Archip.,” vol. v. p. 84.—Von Siebold, _Nature_, vol. xxxiv. 1886, p. 52.
[234] _Nature_, vol. xxxii. 1885, p. 626.
[235] _Proc. As. Soc. Bengal_, 1861, p. 81. Do., 1862, p. 325.
[236] “Ausland,” 1874, p. 82.
[237] Rev. T. J. Bowen, “Gram. and Dict. of Yoruba Language.” “Smithsonian Contr.,” vol. i. p. xvi., quoted by Dr. E. B. Tylor, _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 14.
[238] _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. xii. p. 450.
[239] _Arch. per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. xiv. (1884), p. 371.
[240] 1882, p. 111.
[241] Vol. iii. 1868, p. 1.
[242] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 151.
[243] Ibid. p. 103.
[244] _Matériaux_, vol. iv. p. 9.
[245] _Mat._, vol. xi. p. 538.
[246] _Mat._, vol. xiv. p. 274. _Bull. della Comm. Arch. Comunal. di Roma_, 1870.
[247] “Quæst. Græc.,” ed. 1624, p. 301.
[248] _Congrès Intern. d’Anth. et d’Arch. Préh._, 1867, pp. 39, 40.
[249] Kruse. “Necroliv.,” Nachtrag, p. 21. _Journ. As. Soc. Beng._, vol. v. p. 34.
[250] See also Tylor, _l. c._, p. 228.
[251] “Metallotheca Vaticana,” p. 242. De Rossi, “Scoperte Paleoetnol.,” 1867, p. 11. _Mat._, vol. x. p. 49.
[252] “Lithographia Angerburgica,” cited in _Mat._, vol. x. 297.
[253] “Hist. et Mém.,” vol. xii. p. 163. _Mat._, vol. x. 146.
[254] P. 397.
[255] No. 201.
[256] Aldrovandus, “Mus. Met.,” 1648, p. 607–611. Gesner, “de Fig. Lapid.,” p. 62–64. Boethius, “Hist. Gem.,” lib. ii. c. 261. Besler, “Gazophyl. Rer. Nat.,” tab. 34. Wormius, “Musæum,” lib. i. sec. 2, c. 12, p. 75. Moscardi, “Musæo,” 1672, p. 148. Lachmund, “de foss. Hildeshem.,” p. 23. Tollius “Gemm. et lapid. Historia,” Leiden, 1647, p. 480. De Laet, “de Gemm. et lapid.,” Leiden, 1647, p. 155.
[257] Gesner, “de Fossilibus,” p. 62 _verso_.
[258] “De re metallicâ,” Basel, 1657, pp. 609, 610.
[259] “Marbodæi Galli Cænomanensis de gemmarum lapidumque pretiosorum formis, &c.” (Cologne, 1539), p. 48.
[260] “Hist. Nat.,” lib. xxxvii. c. 9. For a series of interesting Papers on “La Foudre, &c., dans l’Antiquité,” see M. Henri Martin in the _Rev. Arch._, vol. xii. _et seqq._
[261] An interesting paper on “Bætuli” by Mr. G. F. Hill, is in the _Reliquary and Illustrated Archæologist_, vol. ii. 1896, p. 23.
[262] Geason, Scarce. “Scant and geason.” Harrison’s “England.”—Halliwell, _Dict. of Archaic Words_, s. v.
[263] “Nec multo post in Cantabriæ lacum fulmen decidit, repertæque sunt duodecim secures, haud ambiguum summi imperii signum,” Galba, viii. c. 4.
[264] See _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 127, and Wilde’s “Cat. R. I. A.,” p. 72.
[265] _Comptes Rendus de l’Ac. des Sci._, 1865, vol. lxi. pp. 313, 357; 1866, lxiii. p. 1038.
NOTES—CHAPTER IV.
[266] Madsen, “Afbild.,” pl. iii. 1 to 3. _Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selskabs Forhand._, 1861, Fig. 1.
[267] De Baye, “l’Arch. préhist.,” p. 55.
[268] Lubbock, Preh. Times, 4th ed., p. 100.
[269] _Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selskabs Forh._, 1861, p. 342.
[270] _Aarb. for. Nord. Oldk._, 1891, p. 383. See also S. Müller, _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1884–89, p. 371; _Aarb._, 1888, p. 238.
[271] “Archæol. Undersögelser,” 1884, p. 3.
[272] _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. ii., p. 368, pl. xxi.
[273] _Smithsonian Report_, 1863, p. 379; 1868, p. 401. “Flint Chips,” 445.
[274] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v., p. 331.
[275] Vol. xix., 53; xxxii., 173.
[276] “Nænia Cornubiæ,” p. 194.
[277] The discoveries of Mr. Worthington Smith at Caddington, a few miles from Dunstable, suggest the possibility of this specimen being, after all, palæolithic.
[278] _Jour. Eth. Soc._, N. S., vol. ii., pl. xxviii. 7.
[279] _Arch._, vol. xlii., pl. viii. 10, 11.
[280] _Arch. Assoc. Jour._, vol. xlv., p. 114.
[281] _Arch._, vol. xlii., pl. viii. 17.
[282] _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxxi., p. 301.
[283] “Exc. on Cranborne Chase,” vol. ii., pl. xc.
[284] See also Chichester vol. of Arch. Inst., p. 61.
[285] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. x., p. 34.
[286] Rev. W. W. Gill, LL.D., _Rep. Austral. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, vol. iv., 1892, p. 613.
[287] Low’s Tour., quoted in _Folklore Jour._, vol. i., p. 191.
[288] _Aarb. f. Nord. Oldk._, 1886, p. 200; _Mèm. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord_, 1886–91, p. 227; _Mat._, 3rd. S., vol. v., 1888, p. 105.
[289] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv., p. 521.
[290] Vol. vi., p. iii.
[291] _Jour. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii., pl. xxviii. 4, 5.
[292] Watelet, “Age de Pierre du Dép. de l’Aisne,” &c.
[293] “Restes de l’Ind., &c.,” pl. xiii. 1.
[294] _Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xi. 1.
[295] See _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v., p. 113; _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 28.
[296] _Zeitsch. f. Eth._, vol. xii., p. 237.
[297] _Cong. Préh. Moscou_, 1893, p. 249.
[298] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v., p. 94; _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 35.
[299] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii., p. 268.
[300] Vol. xlii., p. 53; xlv., p. 337.
[301] _Arch._, vol. xlii., pl. viii. 1.
[302] “Reliq. Aquit.,” A., pl. v.
[303] _Jour. Anth. Soc._, 1869, p. cxii.
[304] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii., p. 269.
[305] _Smiths. Inst. Rep._, 1894.
[306] Vol. xlii., pl. viii. 18.
[307] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 36.
[308] _Arch._, vol. xlii. pl. viii. 21.
[309] _Trans. Norf. and Norw. Naturalists’ Soc._, vol. v., 1891, p. 250.
[310] Vol. xv., p. 122, pl. ii., iii., iv., v.
[311] “South Wilts,” p. 75, pl. v., vi., vii.
NOTES—CHAPTER V.
[312] _Arch._, vol. xv., pl. iv. 1. Hoare’s “South Wiltshire,” pl. v. 1. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 9_b_.
[313] _Arch. Assoc. Jour._, vol. xxxvii., 1881, p. 214.
[314] _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxxi., pp. 296, 301.
[315] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiv., p. 265; xxiv., p. 6.
[316] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix., p. 258.
[317] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi., p. 24.
[318] “Vest. Ant. Derb.” p. 43. Cat., p. 31.
[319] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi., p. 178.
[320] See _Cambridge Antiq. Comms._, vol. ii, 285, where there is a woodcut of the skull, and _Geol. Mag._, Dec. II., vol. i. p. 494.
[321] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, 1869, vol. ii., pl. xv., fig. 11.
[322] _Proc. Soc. Ant., Scot._, vol. xiv., p. 265.
[323] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406.
[324] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, 1869, vol. ii., fig. 7.
[325] A large celt formed of “indurated clay-stone with garnets,” is mentioned by Mr. F. C. Lukis, F.S.A., as having been found in the Channel Islands (_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. 128).
[326] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 101.
[327] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. 213.
[328] _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. xxxix.
NOTES—CHAPTER VI.
[329] “Man the Primeval Savage,” p. 310.
[330] See “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 8.
[331] Vol. xvii., pl. xiv. “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 10.
[332] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxviii., p. 242.
[333] _Surr. Arch. Coll._, vol. xi. pp. 247, 248.
[334] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 194. “Salisbury vol.,” p. 112.
[335] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. v. p. 102.
[336] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 192.
[337] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S. vol. ix. p. 71.
[338] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 284.
[339] Anderson’s “Croydon: Preh. and Present,” pl. ii.
[340] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvi. 437.
[341] L. Simonin, “La Vie Souterraine,” &c., 1867. Mortillet, _Mat._, vol. iii. p. 101.
[342] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii., pl. x. 1, p. 164.
[343] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xlviii. p. 436.
[344] Pp. 577, 578.
[345] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v., p. 34.
[346] _Arch. Journ._ vol. xxvii. p. 238.
[347] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ix. p. 71.
[348] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 406.
[349] _Arch._, vol. xii. pl. ii. 1.
[350] _Arch._, vol. vii. p. 414; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. 37.
[351] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxvi. p. 175; xxviii. p. 322.
[352] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvii. p. 382; xxviii. p. 329.
[353] _Op. cit._, vol. x. p. 600; xvii. p. 383.
[354] _Op. cit._, vol. ix. p. 346; xvii. p. 384.
[355] _Op. cit._, vol. xxiii. p. 272.
[356] _Ibid._
[357] Bonstetten, “Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. ii. 1.
[358] _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. cxxxvii.
[359] Mortillet, “Promenades,” p. 145; “Mus. Préh.,” No. 459.
[360] See the account of the discovery, _Rev. Arch._, 3rd S., vol. xxiv. (1894), p. 260.
[361] “L’homme Fossile,” 2nd Ed., p. 147.
[362] Van Overloop. Pl. ix. and x.
[363] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. H. V.,” vol. i., Heft. vol. ii., Taf. i. 19, &c.
[364] Voss. “Phot. Album,” vol. vi., sec. vi.
[365] _Jahrb. d. V. v. Alt. im Rh._, L. p. 290.
[366] xix. p. 119. See also, for the origin of Jade, Fischer’s “Jadeit und Nephrit,” Westropp in _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x. p. 359, and Rudler in _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1890, p. 971.
[367] _Mitth. d. Ant. Ges. in Wien_, N. S., vol. iii. 1883, p. 213–216.
[368] _Op. cit._, N. S., vol. v. 1885, p. 1.
[369] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x., p. 359; xx. p. 332; xxi., pp. 319, 493; _Aarbög. f. Oldkynd._, 1889, p. 149.
[370] Calcutta, 1871.
[371] Vol. xvi., pl. lii. p. 361.
[372] Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.
[373] Mr. James Brown.
[374] Mr. Frank Buckland, F.Z.S.
[375] Rev. S. Banks.
[376] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol^1 xvi. p. 408.
[377] “Stone Age,” p. 63.
[378] Vol. iv. p. 2.
[379] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 486.
[380] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 306.
[381] _Z. f. Eth._, 1878. Supp. pl. iii.
[382] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 14.
[383] _Nature_, vol. xxx. p. 515. See also _Archiv. f. Anth._, vol. xvi. p. 241, and _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ix. p. 211.
[384] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xvii. p. 66.
[385] _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, Sept., 1870. _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. lxii.
[386] Kanda’s, “Stone Implements of Japan,” _Nature_, vol. xxxi. p. 538; _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, p. 337.
[387] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxvi., p. 404.
[388] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xix. p. 56.
[389] See “Acct. of Soc. Ant. of Scot.,” p. 55.
[390] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 11.
[391] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 13. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 178.
[392] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 7.
[393] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 389.
[394] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv., p. 232.
[395] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 225.
[396] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 174.
[397] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 165.
[398] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 165.
[399] _Mem. Accad. R. di Torino_, Ser. 2, vol. xxvi., Tav. iv. 4.
[400] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i., pl. xi. 3; xiv. 2.
[401] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. x. p. 105.
[402] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 5.
[403] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvii. pp. 14, 15, 18, 19.
[404] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 235.
[405] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. xxx. 3.
[406] Dawkins’ “Cave-hunting,” p. 157. _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii., 1872, p. 30.
[407] See Schliemann’s “Mycenæ,” p. 76; “Troy,” p. 71; _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 163, &c., &c.
[408] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 91. Other North American celts are engraved in the “Anc. Mon. of the Miss. Valley,” pp. 217, 218; Squier, “Abor. Mon. of New York,” p. 77.
[409] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. xcvi., pl. ii. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1870, p. 154.
[410] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xii. p. 449, pl. xiii.
[411] “Anc. Mon. of Miss. Val.,” p. 215, fig. 106.
[412] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xv. p. 245.
[413] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvii. p. 370.
[414] Wilson’s “Preh. Man,” vol. i. p. 154. See _postea_, p. 150.
[415] Vol. xvii. p. 222.
[416] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. pp. 300, 442.
[417] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 343. Cumming’s “Churches and Ants. of Cury and Gunwalloe,” 1875, p. 66.
[418] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 62: xi. p. 514.
[419] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 514.
[420] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 207.
[421] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvii. p. 16.
[422] “Acct. of Soc. Ant. of Scot.,” 1782, p. 91.
[423] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvii. p. 15.
[424] Vol. vi., 1865.
[425] _Arch._, vol. xliv. p. 281.
[426] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 438.
[427] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 174.
[428] “Etudes Paléoethnol.,” pl. viii. 5.
[429] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 46.
[430] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 179.
[431] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvii. p. 14.
[432] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 119; xxiii. p. 201.
[433] _Mat._ vol. xiii. p. 135; xv. p. 462. “Mus. préh.,” No. 463.
[434] Jan. 7, 1868. See also _Reliquary_, vol. viii. p. 184.
[435] “Mus. préh.,” No. 430.
[436] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii., pl. xliv.
[437] “Anc. Mon. of Miss. Valley,” p. 218.
[438] Lubbock “Preh. Times,” 4th ed. p. 513, figs. 215, 216.
[439] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 422.
[440] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 509. Dalgarno, “Notes on Slains, &c.,” 1876, p. 6.
[441] _P.S.A.S._, vol. xviii. p. 77.
[442] Lubbock, _op. cit._, p. 102, fig. 111–113.
[443] “Vestiges of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 53.
[444] _Mat._ vol. xvi. p. 464.
[445] Im Thurn, “Among the Indians of Guiana,” 1883, pl. x. 4.
[446] Chantre, “Le Caucase,” 1885, pl. ii. 9.
[447] “Indicateur Arch. de Civrui,” 1865, p. 271.
[448] _Mat._ 3rd S., vol. i., 1884, p. 243.
[449] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i., p. 281.
[450] Bonstetten, “Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. ii., 1.
[451] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vi., p. 303. Watelet, “Age de Pierre dans le Dépt. de l’Aisne,” pl. v. 9. “Ep. Antéd. et Celt. de Poitou,” pl. x. 7. _Rev. Arch._, vol xii., pl. xv., i.; _op. cit._, vol. xv., pl. viii. and x. Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xliii., No. 12. I have an example that I bought in Florence.
[452] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. Ac.,” p. 44.
[453] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 6.
[454] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 157.
[455] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxix. p. 344.
[456] “South Wilts,” p. 75. _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 122.
[457] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 3.
[458] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 161.
[459] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 396.
[460] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. 48.
[461] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 17; xvii. 170.
[462] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 177.
[463] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 258.
[464] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 183.
[465] _Surrey Arch. Coll._, 1868, pl. iii. 6.
[466] “Exc. on Cranborne Chase,” vol. i. pl. lvii.
[467] “Durobrivæ,” pl. xxix. 4.
[468] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 249.
[469] Douglas, “Nænia,” p. 92.
[470] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xx. p. 322.
[471] _Rev. Arch._, vol. iv. p. 484.
[472] _Ann. for Nordisk Oldkynd._, 1838–9, p. 176.
[473] _Cong. Intern. d’Anth. et d’Arch. Préh._, 1867, p. 119.
[474] Kirchner has collected a number of cases.—“Thor’s Donner-Keil,” p. 27.
[475] “Dictionarium Saxonico-et Gothico-Latinum,” _s. v._
[476] “Twybyl, a wryhtys instrument,” is in the “Promptorium Parvulorum” translated _bisacuta_ or _biceps_, and “Twybyl or mattoke,” _Marra_, or _ligo_.
[477] 1855, vol. ii. p. 811.
[478] Vol. xi., 1876, p. 385.
[479] _Mitth. d. Anth. Gesellsch. in Wien_, vol. vii., 1878, p. 7.
[480] O’Curry, “Mann. and Cust. of the Anc. Irish,” vol. i. p. cccclviii.
[481] Wright’s “The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon,” p. 72.
[482] “Stone Age,” p. 73.
[483] “Georg.,” lib. i. 62.
[484] See p. 105 _supra_.
[485] A woodcut of these is given in the _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 105. The objects are now in the British Museum.
[486] “South Wilts,” p. 85.
[487] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 221.
[488] _Ibid._, p. 222.
[489] “Vestiges of the Ant. of Derbyshire,” p. 53.
[490] _Ibid._, p. 42.
[491] “Vestiges of the Ant. of Derbyshire,” p. 49.
[492] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 216.
[493] Vol. viii. p. 86.
[494] _Suss. Arch. Coll._ vol. xxxii. p. 175.
[495] P. 112 _supra_.
[496] P. 135. See _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 179.
[497] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. at Edinburgh,” p. 8.
[498] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 422.
[499] “Cat. A. I. Mus. at Edin.,” p. 10.
[500] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 82.
[501] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 159.
[502] Vol. i. p. 53. See p. 129, _supra_. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 44.
[503] _Arch._, vol. xli. p. 405.
[504] “Horæ Fer.,” p. 134. _Trans. Hist. Soc. Lanc. and Chesh._, vol. xiv. pl. ii. 3.
[505] Vol. iv. 112.
[506] “Stone Age,” Eng. ed., p. 65.
[507] Vol. xliv., pl. viii. fig. 3.
[508] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xviii. p. 268. Mus. Préh. No. 442.
[509] Cartailhac, “La France préh.,” p. 237.
[510] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxxix. p. 97.
[511] _Lit. Gaz._, 1822, p. 605, quoted in _N. and Q._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 32.
[512] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 460.
[513] _Op. cit._, vol. xxx. p. 6.
[514] “La Suède préhist.,” 1874, p. 21.
[515] “Musée préhist.,” 1881, No. 428.
[516] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 46.
[517] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 3.
[518] Wood Martin’s “Lake-dw. of Irel.,” 1886, p. 59, pl. vi. 7.
[519] Keller’s “Lake-Dwellings,” Eng. ed., pl. x. 14.
[520] _Ibid._, pl. xi. 1.
[521] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. i. pp. 321, 404.
[522] Squier, “Abor. Mon. of New York,” p. 180.
[523] _Mitth. d. Ant. Ges. in Wien_, vol. ix., 1880, p. 135, pl. i.
[524] “Aventures du Sieur C. le Beau,” Amsterdam, 1738, p. 235. Quoted in _Arch. per l’Ant. e la Et._, vol. xiv. p. 372.
[525] Quoted in “Anc. Mon. of Miss. Valley,” p. 198.
[526] _Zeitsch. f. Eth._, vol. xxiv., 1892, p. (229), pl. v. 2.
[527] Ratzel, “Völkerk,” vol. ii. p. 246.
[528] _Intern. Arch. f. Eth._, vol. ii. p. 272. _Arch. per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. xx. p. 65.
[529] 2nd S., vol. i. p. 102. See also Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. ii. p. 582.
[530] _Int. Arch. f. Ethn._, vol. iii. p. 195.
[531] “Musæum Metallicum,” p. 158.
[532] It has also been figured by Klemm, “Cult.-Wiss.,” vol. i. fig. 136.
[533] “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. ii. Taf. vi. a.b.
[534] See _Int. Arch. f. Eth., Bd._ ix., Supp. pl. iii.
[535] Klemm’s “Allgemeine Cultur-Wiss.,” vol. i. p. 71, whence I have copied the figure. See also “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. ii., p. 352.
[536] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Armour,” pl., cl. 1.
[537] “Lake-Dwellings,” pl. x. 7; 5ter “Bericht,” pl. x. 17. Another from St. Aubin is engraved by Chantre, “Etudes Paléoethn.,” pl. xi. Keller has published several others. See also “Ant. Lac. du Mus. de Lausanne,” 1896, pl. iii.
[538] “Palafittes,” fig. 17. See also Troyon, “Habit. Lacust.”; but some of his engravings, like those of Meillet in the “Epoques Antédil. et Celtique de Poitou,” appear to have been made from modern fabrications.
[539] Keller, “Lake-Dwellings,” pl. xxii. 7. “Mus. de Lausanne,” 1896, pl. iii.
[540] Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R.I.A.,” p. 251; Lindenschmit, “Sigmaringen,” pl. xxix. 7; Keller, “Lake-Dwellings,” pl. ii.
[541] _Ibid._, pl. xxii. 12.
[542] “Note sur un Foyer, &c.,” Châlon, 1870. pl. iv.
[543] Cochet, “Seine Inf.,” 2nd ed., p. 16.
[544] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 364, pl. viii.; Mortillet, “Promenades,” p. 123.
[545] _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 96.
[546] Vol. xxi. p. 54. See also vol. xiv. p. 82.
[547] Hoare’s “South Wilts.” pl. xxi.
[548] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 54.
[549] B. de Perthes’ “Antiquités Celtiques, &c.,” vol. i. p. 282, pl. i., ii.
[550] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxv. p. 307, whence the cut is copied on a reduced scale.
[551] Arch. Préh., 1880, p. 99, pl. i. and v. _Mat._, vol. xvi. p. 298.
[552] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 105. _Supra_, p. 148.
[553] “Palafittes,” fig. 18.
[554] “L’Homme Fossile,” 2nd ed. p. 149.
[555] “L’Homme pend. les Ages de la Pierre.” p. 214.
[556] “Les Ages de la Pierre en Belgique,” pl. ix.
[557] _L’Anthropologie_, vol. i. p. 385.
[558] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xviii. p. 365.
[559] Ratzel, “Völkerk,” vol. ii. 245, 247, &c.
[560] “Les armes et les outils préh. réconst.,” Paris, 1872.
[561] “Lake-Dwellings,” Eng. ed., p. 110. See also pl. x. 16, xi. 2, and xxviii. 24; and Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” pl. xxix. 4.
[562] “Cultur-Wiss.,” fig. 127, p. 70.
[563] “Alt. u. H. V.,” vol. ii. Heft viii. Taf. i. 7; _Archiv. für Anthropol._, vol. iii. p. 105. _Jahrb. d. Ver. f. Alt. im Rhein._, lxi. (1877) p. 156.
[564] _Bericht Nat. Hist. Verein_, Bremen, 1879.
[565] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xi. p. (162).
[566] “Reliq. Aquit.,” fig. 12.
[567] Vol. iv. p. 297.
[568] “Etudes Paléoeth.,” pl. xii. See also Worsaae, “Primev. Ants. of Denmark,” p. 12; “Dänemark’s Vorz.,” p. 10; and “Danmark’s Tidligste Bebyggelse,” 1861, p. 17.
[569] 1868, vol. lxvii. p. 1285.
[570] “Cultur-Wiss.,” p. 70.
[571] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. ii. pp. 423, 424; Wilson’s “Preh. Man,” vol. i. p. 156.
[572] “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 32.
[573] _Op. cit._, vol. ii. p. 201.
[574] _Op. cit._, vol. ii. pp. 369, 373.
[575] _Int. Arch. f. Ethn._, vol. iii. p. 181, pl. xv. 1, 2.
[576] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xviii. p. 266.
[577] Vol. xxxiv. p. 172.
[578] _P. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 263. See also “Notes on some Australian and other Stone Implements,” by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S. (_Journ. R. S. of New South Wales_, vol. xxviii., 1894), and Mr. E. J. Hardman’s account of some West Australian implements (Wood Martin’s “Rude St. Mons. of Ireland,” 1888, p. 115).
[579] “Journ. of Voy. to N. S. Wales,” p. 293; Klemm, “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. i. p. 308.
[580] “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 32. _Conf._ Worsaae, “Dänemark’s Vorz.,” p. 10.
[581] Vol. xxxi. p. 452.
[582] See Jones’s “Hist. of Ojibway Indians.”
[583] “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 652. _Conf._ Catlin, “N. A. Ind.,” vol. i. pl. xcix. _f._
[584] Col. A. Lane-Fox, “Prim. Warf.,” part ii. p. 17.
[585] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. pl. xv. 1, p. 285.
[586] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxvii. p. 49.
[587] Vol. xxiv. p. 80.
[588] “Arch. of Mersey District,” 1867, p. 15.
[589] _Arch._, vol. xxxii. p. 400; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 1st s. vol. i. p. 131.
[590] Worsaae’s “Nordiske Oldsager,” fig. 14.
[591] Chantre, “Le Caucase,” 1855, vol. i. p. 50, pl. ii.
[592] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii. pl. 73; Klemm, “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. ii. p. 62.
[593] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 287.
[594] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xi. p. 448.
[595] _Int. Arch. f. Eth._, vol. v., Supp. pl. i.
[596] “Illahun” (1891), p. 55.
[597] “Kahun,” pl. xvi. “Illahun.” pl. vii.
[598] “Medum” (1892), Frontisp. 14, p. 31.
[599] Vol. xxxiv. p. 172. See also Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 32.
[600] Bonwick’s “Daily Life of the Tasmanians,” p. 44; _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii. p. 267. Several specimens are figured in Ratzel, “Völkerk,” vol. ii. p. 46.
[601] See _Arch. per l’Anth. e la Etn._, vol. xxv., 1895, p. 283.
[602] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 1st s. vol. ii. p. 305.
[603] Quoted by Klemm, “C. G.,” vol. i. p. 268.
[604] _Journ. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 109, fig. 7.
[605] _Nat._ vol. x. p. 173.
[606] “Smithsonian Contributions,” 1876, p. 46.
[607] (London, 1872) pl. ii. p. 66.
[608] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 327. See also R. Brough Smyth, “Aborig. of Victoria,” vol. i. p. 357.
[609] It is, however, to be observed that among the North American Indians fire was the great agent employed in felling trees and in excavating canoes, the stone hatchet being called in aid principally to remove the charred wood.—Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 75.
NOTES—CHAPTER VII.
[610] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 170.
[611] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 27.
[612] _Archæologia_, vol. xli. p. 402, pl. xviii. 7.
[613] “Brit. Barrows,” pp. 225, 396.
[614] “Le Camp de Catenoy,” N. Ponthieux, Beauvais, 1872, pl. v. i.
[615] Parenteau, “Invent. Archéol.,” 1878, pl. i. 2.
[616] “Flint Chips,” p. 76.
[617] _Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch._, vol. vii. p. 209.
[618] “Seine Inf.,” 2nd ed., p. 528.
[619] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 27.
[620] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.” Nos. 20, 22; Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. vi. 127.
[621] “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xliii. 5.
[622] “Etude Préhist. sur la Savoie,” 1869, pl. ii. 4.
[623] Desor, “Palafittes,” p. 23, fig. 19.
[624] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 201.
[625] Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. vi. 129, p. 54.
[626] _Int. Arch. f. Ethn._, vol. ii. p. 273.
[627] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 181.
[628] _Arch._, vol. xli. pl. xviii. 10.
[629] _Mém. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872–77, p. 105. _Zeitsch. f. Eth._ vol. xix. p. 413.
[630] Cartailhac, “Ages préh. de l’Esp. et du Port.,” p. 91.
[631] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 47.
[632] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 130.
[633] Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 175.
[634] Sproat, “Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,” p. 316.
NOTES—CHAPTER VIII.
[635] Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 191; _Arch. Scot._, vol. i. p. 291.
[636] “Itin. Curios.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 57.
[637] P. 58.
[638] “Necrolivonica,” Beil. C., p. 23; and Nachtrag, p. 20.
[639] “Stone Age,” p. 71.
[640] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xviii. p. 310.
[641] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiv. p. 277.
[642] “Heidnische Alterthümer,” 1846, pl. vi. 16.
[643] Vol. ii. fig. 144.
[644] Vol. ix. p. 120. See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 184, and vol. xv. p. 90.
[645] Greenwell, in _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 60.
[646] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 174.
[647] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. pl. vii. 1.
[648] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 155.
[649] “Vest. of Ants. of Derbyshire,” p. 7.
[650] “Ants. of Worcestershire,” pl. iv. 8 and 9.
[651] P. 108, No. 4.
[652] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 399.
[653] Pl. iii. 9.
[654] Aspelin, “Ant. du Nord Finno-Ougrien,” No. 78.
[655] “Mém. sur les Restes d’Indust.,” &c., 1866, pl. x. 12.
[656] Mortillet, “Promenades,” p. 146.
[657] _Cong. préh. Bologne_, 1871, p. 101. _Do. Buda-Pest_, 1876, p. 87. “Mus. Préh.,” No. 500.
[658] _Rev. Arch._, 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 66.
[659] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 67.
[660] P. 17, pl. ii. 3.
[661] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 193.
[662] Simony, “Alt. von Hallstatt,” p. 9; Taf. vi. 3.
[663] Vol. iii. p. 128.
[664] _Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, p. 176.
[665] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. xvi. 14.
[666] “Nordiske Oldsager,” No. 50.
[667] “Alterthümer,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. i. 10 and 12.
[668] _Smithsonian Report_, 1863, p. 379.
[669] _Anz. f. Schw. Alt._, 1870, p. 141.
[670] _Mitth. Auth. Ges. in Wien_, vol. xxv. (1895) p. 39.
[671] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xxii. p. 44.
[672] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd. S., vol. iv. p. 339. _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 410. A. C. Smith’s “Ant. of North Wilts.,” p. 168. “Salisbury Vol. Arch. Inst.,” 1849, p. 110; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 29.
[673] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 272.
[674] _Pr. Lanc. and Ch. Arch. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 172.
[675] “Essai sur les Dolmens,” pl. iv. 1.
[676] _P. S. A. S._, vol. viii. p. 264.
[677] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 208.
[678] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 79.
[679] “Alt. u. H. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. i. 18.
[680] _Matériaux_, vol. i. p. 462.
[681] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 158.
[682] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 63. Cat., p. 6, No. 49.
[683] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Armour,” pl. xlvi. 3.
[684] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxix. p. 6.
[685] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 266.
[686] _Trans. E. R. Ant. Soc._, vol. ii. 1894, p. 21.
[687] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iii. 4.
[688] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 295.
[689] “Vestiges of Ants. of Derbyshire,” p. 7; Cat., No. 36; Brigg’s “History of Melbourne,” p. 15; Wright’s “Celt, Roman, and Saxon,” p. 69.
[690] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 227. Cat., p. 25, No. 256.
[691] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” No. 109; Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. H. V.,” vol. i. Heft iv. Taf. i. 5, 6.
[692] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xxiv., 1892, p. (178).
[693] Lindenschmit, _op. cit._, vol. i. Heft i. Taf. i. 8, 9, and 10.
[694] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 306; xviii. p. 319; “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Ed.,” p. 19; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iii. 20; “Sculpt. Stones of Scot.,” vol. i. p. xx.; Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. pl. iii.
[695] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 383, pl. xxii.
[696] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxi. p. 264.
[697] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 277.
[698] Vol. iii. p. 234.
[699] _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. v. p. 170.
[700] _Montg. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 271.
[701] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxi. p. 302.
[702] Vol. viii. p. 421.
[703] “Cat. Arch. Inst., Mus., Ed.” p. 6.
[704] _Ibid._, p. 45.
[705] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii., App., p. 121.
[706] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 478.
[707] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 55.
[708] _Ibid._, vol. vi. p. 86.
[709] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 379.
[710] Pl. xlviii. 1.
[711] See _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 568; xiv. p. 126; xv. p. 266; xvi. p. 76; xxiii. p. 205, 210; and Smith’s “Preh. Man in Ayrshire,” 1895, p. 39.
[712] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv., p. 232.
[713] _Geologist_, vol. vii. p. 56.
[714] _Arch. Ael._, vol. xii. p. 118.
[715] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus., Ed.,” p. 38.
[716] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 65.
[717] _Arch._, vol. xliv. p. 284.
[718] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 489.
[719] _Tr. Lanc. and Chesh. Ant. Soc._, vol. v. p. 327. See also xi. p. 171.
[720] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xxvi. p. 51.
[721] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xxii. p. 208.
[722] _Rep. Leic. Lit. and Phil. Soc._, 1887–8, pl. iii.
[723] _Mem. Real. Acc. delle Scienze, &c., di Torino_, Ser. II., vol. xxvi. Ta. i. 1. See also for Italy, _Bull. di Pal. Ital._, 1882, p. 1.
[724] Vol. xvii. p. 20.
[725] Vol. ii. p. 125.
[726] Vol. xxxi. p. 452.
[727] _Arch._, vol. ii. p. 118.
[728] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 459.
[729] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 334; xxii. p. 384.
[730] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iii. 3.
[731] Allies’ “Ants. of Worc.,” p. 150, pl. iv. 10.
[732] P. 111.
[733] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 349.
[734] _Arch._, vol. ii. p. 127.
[735] “Stone Age,” p. 73.
[736] _L’Anth._, vol. vi., 1895, p. 10.
[737] “Abitaz. lac. di Fimon,” 1876, p. 150, pl. xiv.
[738] “Cat. of Objects found in Greece,” fig. 3.
[739] Pl. iii. 24.
[740] Schliemann’s “Troy,” 1875, p. 94. Atlas, pl. xxii. 610.
[741] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 61. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 222.
[742] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 60. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 224.
[743] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxix., 1895, p. 66.
[744] Thoresby’s Cat. in Whitaker’s ed. of “Ducatus Leod.,” p. 114.
[745] Leland’s “Coll.,” vol. iv. vi.
[746] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvii., 1893, p. 56.
[747] _Montg. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 276.
[748] “Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,” p. 63.
[749] _Arch._, vol. xliv. p. 427.
[750] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 74.
[751] “South Wilts,” Tumuli, pl. viii. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” Nos. 15, 17.
[752] “Ants. of Worcestershire,” pl. iv. 5, p. 146.
[753] “Celt, Roman, and Saxon,” p. 70.
[754] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iii. 15.
[755] _P.S.A.S._, vol. xxiii. p. 8.
[756] “South Wilts,” Tumuli, pl. i. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 283.
[757] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 70.
[758] _Archæol. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 158. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 295, pl. xxv. 8; _Trans. Hist. Soc. Lanc. and Chesh._, vol. xii. p. 189.
[759] “Guide des Touristes, &c., dans le Morbihan,” 1854, p. 43.
[760] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxviii. p. 241.
[761] “South Wilts,” Tumuli, pl. v.; “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 8; _Arch._, vol. xv. pl. v. 1.
[762] _Supra_, p. 83.
[763] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 209; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 411; A. C. Smith’s “Ants. of North Wilts,” p. 19.
[764] _27th Report Roy. Inst. of Cornw._, 1846, p. 35. I am indebted to the Secretaries of this Institution for permission to engrave the specimen. It is also figured in Borlase’s “Nænia Cornubiæ,” p. 191.
[765] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 347; xxvi. p. 398.
[766] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 24.
[767] “Crania Brit.,” vol. ii. xviii. pl. 2.
[768] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 29. Smith, “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. pl. xx. 3.
[769] _Mém. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872–77, p. 107. _Aarbög. for Oldk._, 1872, d. 309–342. _Cong. préh. Stockholm_, 1874, p. 290. Aspelin, “Ant. du Nord. Finno-Ougrien,” No. 71–76.
[770] “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 174.
[771] _Op. cit._, vol. i. p. 92; vol. ii. pl. 48.
[772] _Op. cit._, vol. iv. p. 167.
[773] “Mus. préh.,” No. 449. _Mat._, vol. xvii. p. 284.
[774] Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. ii. p. 247. _Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, vol. ix. (1880) pl. ii.
NOTES—CHAPTER IX.
[775] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 102.
[776] Stevens, “Flint Chips,” p. 499.
[777] Vol. vii. p. 385.
[778] “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 168.
[779] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvi. p. 57.
[780] Bellucci, “Mat. Paletn. dell’ Umbria,” Tav. xi. fig. 3.
[781] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 327.
[782] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 499.
[783] _Ant. Tidsk._, 1858–60, p. 277.
[784] Vol. xxx. p. 461.
[785] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 80.
[786] P. 94. See also _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 94; and Worsaae’s “Prim. Ants. of Den.,” p. 15.
[787] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S. vol. vii., p. 268.
[788] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 155.
[789] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 39; xvii. p. 453.
[790] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvi. p. 171.
[791] Vol. xxvii. p. 142.
[792] _Montg. Coll._, vol. xiv p. 275.
[793] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 240.
[794] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. iii. p. 497.
[795] “Ant. Celt. et Antéd.,” vol. i. pl. xiii. 9, p. 327.
[796] _Arch. Jour._, vol. xix. p. 92. _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vi. p. 307.
[797] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 43. See also _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. vii. p. 183.
[798] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 259.
[799] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. xv. p. 349.
[800] “South Wilts,” p. 204. “Cat. Devizes Mus., No. 150.”
[801] _Supra_, p. 128.
[802] _Surr. Arch. Coll._, vol. xi. p. 248–9.
[803] _Archæologia_, vol. xiv. p. 281, pl. lv.; Cat., p. 14.
[804] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 297.
[805] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 72.
[806] _Archæologia_, vol. xxxi. p. 452.
[807] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 118.
[808] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. xxvii. p. 181.
[809] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. p. 492, pl. xxiv. 22.
[810] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406.
[811] Vol. xxvi. p. 190.
[812] _Essex Nat._, vol. viii. p. 164.
[813] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 77.
[814] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 400.
[815] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 248.
[816] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 250.
[817] _Rep. Leic. Lit. and Phil. Soc._, 1878, pl. iii.
[818] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 305.
[819] _Tr. Cumb. and West. Ant. Soc._, vol. ix. p. 203.
[820] _Tr. Lanc. and Ch. Ant. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. i.
[821] _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. xii. p. 247.
[822] _Op. cit._, p. 249.
[823] _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. v. p. 315.
[824] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xx. p. 105.
[825] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 183.
[826] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 314. _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 212.
[827] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 321; vol. xxvii. p. 147.
[828] _Surrey Arch. Coll._, vol. iv. p. 237; 1868, p. 24.
[829] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 233.
[830] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. pl. iv. p. 5.
[831] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 41.
[832] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 437.
[833] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 55.
[834] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. 568.
[835] _Op. cit._, p. 610.
[836] _Rev. d’ Ant._ 1st S., vol. iv. p. 255.
[837] “Seine Inf.,” 2nd ed., p. 313.
[838] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man.” vol. i. p. 254. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 140.
[839] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 173.
[840] Rau. “Smithson. Arch. Coll.,” p. 31.
[841] Sir J. Lubbock, in _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. xcv.
[842] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. i. p. 198.
[843] _Sup._, p. 64.
[844] “Stone Age,” pl. i. 12.
[845] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. i. 4.
[846] _Op. cit._, vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. i. 6.
[847] “Or. de la Navig., &c.,” fig. 20.
[848] _Trans. preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 236.
[849] _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, 1866, p. 135.
[850] _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, Mar., 1874.
[851] _Zeitsch. f. A. and E._, vol. viii., 1876, pl. xxv.
[852] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 68; _Gent.’s Mag._, 1819, p. 130.
[853] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 234.
[854] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 69.
[855] _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 331.
[856] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 181.
[857] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 66.
[858] Vol xxvi. p. 320, figs. 10 and 11.
[859] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 161.
[860] _Lib. Cit._, p. 164.
[861] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. v. p. 2.
[862] Cat., p. 28, No. 293.
[863] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 213.
[864] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.” p. 85. The chisel-edged specimens there described are not improbably American.
[865] P. 557.
[866] Mortillet, “_Matériaux._” vol. iii. p. 98; vol. iv. p. 234. Tubino, “Estudios Prehistoricós.” p. 100. Cartailhac, p. 202.
[867] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xiii. p. 137.
[868] _Jorn. de Sci. Math. Phys. y Natur._, 1868, pl. viii.
[869] Simony, “Alt. von Hallstatt.” Taf. vi. 5.
[870] “Präh. Atlas.” Wien, 1889, Taf. xix.
[871] Perrin, “Et. Préhist. sur la Savoie,” pl. xv. 17.
[872] _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, 1869, vol. xxv. p. 34.
[873] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 97.
[874] Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. i. p. 96; Squier’s “Ab. Mon. of New York,” p. 184; Lapham, “Ants. of Wisconsin,” p. 74.
[875] “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. pp. 246, 253.
[876] _Comptes Rendus_, 1866, vol. lxii. p. 470; _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 214; Mortillet, “_Mat._,” vol. ii. pp. 331, 401; vol. iii. p. 99.
[877] _Brit. Assoc. Report_, 1870, p. 158.
[878] Brit. Barrows, p. 239.
[879] Vol. x. p. 64.
[880] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 164, pl. xi. 5.
[881] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 181; ix. p. 34.
[882] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 209.
[883] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 382; xii. p. 266. Mitchell, “Past in the Present,” p. 124.
[884] _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond._ vol. iii. p. 261.
[885] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii. pl. 39.
[886] _Op. cit._, vol. ii. p. 90.
[887] 1884, p. 156 _seqq._, also _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. v. p. 262.
[888] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 95, fig. 77.
[889] “Nord. Oldsag.,” fig. 88; Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. ii. p. 34.
[890] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 327.
[891] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 489.
[892] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 19.
[893] See a paper on “Antike Gewicht-steine,” by Prof. Ritschl, in the _Jahrb. d. Ver. v. Alterthums-fr. im Rheinl._, Heft. xli. 9; also xliii. 209.
NOTES—CHAPTER X.
[894] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 274.
[895] _Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind._, vol. iv. pl. i. p. 203. _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 238.
[896] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 263, pl. xxi. 7.
[897] Catlin’s “Last Rambles,” p. 188.
[898] _Arch. Camb._, 5th. S., vol. i. p. 307.
[899] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xii. p. 71.
[900] _Montg. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 273.
[901] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 440; xiv. p. 127; xv. p. 108.
[902] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 583, Munro “Lake-dw.,” p. 448.
[903] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. 127; xv. 267; xxiii. p. 211.
[904] Kindly lent by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
[905] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxii. p. 62.
[906] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 688.
[907] Worsaae’s “Nord. Oldsager,” No. 32, 33. Nilsson’s “Stone Age,” pl. i. 14. A Lüneburg specimen, with deep conical depressions, is given by Lindenschmit. “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. i. 4.
[908] Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 75.
[909] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 165.
[910] “Stone Age,” p. 12, pl. i. 2, 3.
[911] “Prim. Industry,” p. 425, _et. seqq._
[912] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. v. p. 263.
[913] Vol. ix. p. 118.
[914] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 344. Cumming’s “Churches and Ants. of Cury and Dunwalloe,” 1873, p. 69.
[915] _P. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 634. Mitchell, “Past in the Present,” p. 126.
[916] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. iv. p. 139.
[917] _Anz. f. Schw. Alt._, 1876, Taf. viii.
[918] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus., Edin.,” p. 12.
[919] “Naukratis,” 1886, pl. i. p. 42.
[920] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 200.
[921] _Pr. Lanc. and Ch. Arch. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 172.
[922] “Naukratis,” pl. i. 1886, p. 42.
[923] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. pp. 41, 195.
[924] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 71.
[925] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 171.
[926] _Amer. Anthropologist_, vol. iv., 1891, p. 301.
[927] “South Wilts,” Tumuli, pl. vi. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 3.
[928] See _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 408.
[929] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 320, figs. 14, 15. _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 181.
[930] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 396.
[931] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. pp. 64, 160.
[932] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 208.
[933] Greenwell, “Brit. Par.,” pp. 200, 239, 242.
[934] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxviii. p. 148.
[935] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxviii. p. 341.
[936] “Etudes Paléoéthnol.,” 1867, pl. iv. 1.
[937] Squier and Davis, “Anct. Mon. of Mississ. Valley,” p. 222.
[938] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 314, xxi. p. 135.
[939] “Mus. préh.,” fig. 592.
[940] See Sir J. Y. Simpson, _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. App.
[941] “Brit. Barrows,” 341, _et seqq._
[942] See “Reliquiæ Aquit.,” p. 60.
[943] “Rel. Aquit.,” p. 108.
[944] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 84. See Eyre’s “Central Australia,” vol. ii. pl. iv. p. 14.
[945] Keller’s “Lake-dwellings,” p. 137. Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” pl. xxvii. 8.
[946] “Hab. Lac. de la Savoie,” 1st Mem. pl. xi. 2.
[947] _Rev. Arch._, 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 68.
[948] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 193.
[949] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. iv. p. 242.
[950] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 413.
[951] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 184.
[952] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 204, Munro, “Lake-dw.,” p. 102.
[953] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 214.
[954] _Journ. Anth. Soc._, 1869, p. cxvii.
[955] The burnishing stones in use among pewterers are, when dismounted from their setting, curiously like these blunt-ended celt-like instruments. They have no ridge, however, at the truncated end. Some of the stone burnishers used by bookbinders are also in form like celts, but have a flattened edge.
[956] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 161.
[957] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 48.
[958] De Gongora, “Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” p. 108.
[959] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xx. p. (365).
[960] Vol. xxiv. p. 251.
[961] Vol. xxvi. p. 320; xxvii. 147.
[962] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 416.
[963] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 58, p. 2.
[964] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 70.
[965] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxv. p. 496.
[966] Vol. xxvii. pl. xi. 2, 3.
[967] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxxii. p. 174.
[968] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. p. 492, pl. xxiv. 26.
[969] Miln’s “Excav. at Carnac,” 1881, pl. xv.
[970] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 47.
[971] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 265.
[972] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 393.
[973] _Ibid._, vol. xxiii. p. 391.
[974] _Arch._ vol. xxxviii. p. 416.
[975] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiii. p. 391.
[976] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 223.
[977] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii. p. 278.
[978] Sproat’s “Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,” p. 55.
[979] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. i. p. 152. Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. i., 1887, p. 216.
[980] “Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,” Baker, p. 78. See also “The Albert Nyanza,” vol. i. p. 65. Klemm’s “Cult.-Wiss.,” p. 88.
[981] Rev. Dr. Hume, “Illust. of Brit. Ants. from Objects found in S. Amer.,” p. 69.
[982] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 244, where much information is given concerning such stones.
[983] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 160, &c. _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 210; 3rd S., vi. 376; vii. 40; viii. 157; 4th S., xii. p. 32.
[984] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. p. 285.
[985] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 245.
[986] Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.” p. 104.
[987] “Itinerary,” 1617, pt. iii. p. 161.
[988] “Flint Chips,” p. 62.
[989] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 377.
[990] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 9.
[991] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 176.
[992] Garrigon et Filhol, “Age de la Pierre polie,” &c., p. 27. _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. i. p. 292.
[993] “Mus. Préh.,” No. 587.
[994] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 155.
[995] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft viii. Taf. i. 16.
[996] “Cult.-Wiss.,” p. 88.
[997] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. iii. p. 356.
[998] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 117.
[999] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 160, pl. ii. 1.
[1000] _A. J._, vol. xxiv. p. 247.
[1001] Atkinson’s “Cleveland,” p. 40.
[1002] “Nænia Cornub.,” p. 221.
[1003] Wood-Martin “Lake-dw. of Ireland,” 1886, p. 85.
[1004] Kirchner, “Thor’s Donnerkeil,” 1853, p. 97.
[1005] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 172.
[1006] _Ibid._, p. 177.
[1007] _Ibid._, pp. 213, 224, 226.
[1008] “Vestiges Ant. Derb.,” p. 99.
[1009] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 190.
[1010] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 81.
[1011] “Troy,” 1875, pp. 151, 163.
[1012] _British Med. Journ._, April 2nd, 1887, quoted in _Essex Naturalist_, vol. i. p. 92.
[1013] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 252.
[1014] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 357; xvii. 170.
[1015] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 117. “Chich. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” p. 63. This cut has been kindly lent me by the Sussex Arch. Society.
[1016] _Essex Naturalist_, vol. ii. p. 4.
[1017] _Arch._ vol. xliii. p. 408. A. C. Smith, “Ants. of N. Wilts,” p. 14.
[1018] See _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 179, where the measurements hardly agree with mine.
[1019] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 253.
[1020] _Sitzungsb. der K. Akad. der Wiss. in Wien_, vol. lv. p. 528.
[1021] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 49.
[1022] See Laing’s “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,” 1866. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. _Passim_; viii. 64. pl. vi. _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond._, vol. ii. p. 294; iii. 216. I am indebted to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland for the loan of Figs. 174 to 179. See also _P. S. A. S._, vol. viii. pl. vi.; xi. p. 173; xii. p. 271; and Mitchell’s “Past in the Present,” p. 140.
[1023] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 136.
[1024] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. pp. 358, 400.
[1025] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 125.
[1026] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 127.
[1027] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 219.
[1028] See Whitaker’s “Hist. of Craven.,” 2nd ed., p. 468.
[1029] Wright’s “Prov. Dict.,” _s.v._ Cotgrave translates the word _Baton_ “a laundress’s batting-staff.”
[1030] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 65.
[1031] _Op. cit._, vol. xv. p. 232.
[1032] 3rd S., vol. iii. p. 358.
[1033] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 80.
[1034] “Anct. Mon. of Mississ. Val.,” p. 220.
[1035] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 90.
[1036] _Op. cit._, vol. ii. p. 89.
[1037] _Op. cit._, vol. iv. p. 175.
[1038] Cuming in _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 83, where some interesting information relating to mortars will be found. Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. ii. p. 179.