Part 11

Thus questioned by the prince, at length Kaikeyí’s son regained his strength, And hand to hand in reverence laid, To Ráma thus his answer made: “The great-armed monarch, O my lord, Has dared to do a thing abhorred, Left us, and grieving for his son, A home among the Gods has won. My mother Queen Kaikeyí gave The order to the king her slave, And at the bidding of the dame He wrought the sin which mars his fame. Athirst for sway, her hopes are crossed, She mourns her son, her husband lost, And through her impious crime will go For punishment to hell below. Now O my lord, forgive me all; Be gracious to thy lowly thrall: Anointed king, accept to-day Like Indra’s self, the royal sway. Be gracious, Prince, to lord and peer, And widowed queens who seek thee here Accept the kingdom thine by right, And so thy faithful friends delight. Let the broad land no longer be All widowed and forlorn of thee: Let the full moon of autumn reign Triumphant o’er the night again. These lords and I before thee bend: O Ráma, to our prayer attend. O do not thou this grace deny: Thy brother, pupil, slave am I. Look on this venerable ring, Advisers of our sire the king, From age to age so honoured: thou Shouldst grant their supplication now.”

As weeping thus the hero prayed, His head at Ráma’s feet he laid. Like a mad elephant he sighed: And Ráma gazed and thus replied: “How, brother, can a man of worth, True to his vows, of noble birth— A man like me, commit a sin The lordship of the land to win? No slightest shade of fault I see, O tamer of thy foes, in thee. But ne’er shouldst thou in childish thought The queen thy mother blame in aught. O brother wise and sinless, know The sacred laws would have it so, That from good wife and son require Obedience to their lord and sire. And we are all the king’s, for thus The virtuous ever reckon us: Yea brother, be it known to thee, His wives, and sons, and pupils we. His is the right, if he deem fit, To bid me, throned as monarch, sit, Or in a coat of bark expel, And deerskin, in the wood to dwell. And O remember, best of all Who act as claims of duty call, As to a virtuous sire is due, Such honour claims a mother too. So they whose lives have ever been By duty led, the king and queen, Said, “Ráma, seek the forest shade:” And I (what could I else?) obeyed. Thou must the royal power retain, And o’er the famed Ayodhyá reign: I dressed in bark my days will spend Where Daṇḍak’s forest wilds extend. So Daśaratha spoke, our king, His share to each apportioning Before his honoured servants’ eyes: Then, heir of bliss, he sought the skies. The righteous monarch’s honoured will, Whom all revered, must guide thee still, And thou must still enjoy the share Assigned thee by our father’s care. So I till twice seven years are spent Will roam this wood in banishment, Contented with the lot which he, My high-souled sire, has given me. The charge the monarch gave, endeared To all mankind, by all revered, Peer of the Lord Supreme, Far better, richer far in gain Of every blessing than to reign O’er all the worlds I deem.”

Canto CII. Bharat’s Tidings.

He spoke: and Bharat thus replied: “If, false to every claim beside, I ne’er in kingly duties fail, What will my royal life avail? Still should the custom be observed, From which our line has never swerved, Which to the younger son ne’er gives The kingdom while the elder lives. Now to Ayodhyá rich and fair With me, O Raghu’s son, repair, And to protect and gladden all Our house, thyself as king install. A king the world’s opinion deems A man: to me a God he seems, Whose life in virtuous thoughts and deeds The lives of other men exceeds. When I in distant Kekaya stayed, And thou hadst sought the forest shade, Our father died, the saints’ delight, So constant in each holy rite. Scarce with thy wife and Lakshmaṇ thou Hadst journeyed forth to keep the vow, When mourning for his son, forspent, To heavenly rest the monarch went. Then up, O lord of men, away! His funeral rites of water pay: I and Śatrughna, ere we came, Neglected not the sacred claim. But in the spirit-world, they say, That gift alone is fresh for aye Which best beloved hands have poured; And thou his dearest art, my lord. For thee he longed, for thee he grieved, His every thought on thee was bent, And crushed by woe, of thee bereaved, He thought of thee as hence he went.”

Canto CIII. The Funeral Libation.

When Ráma heard from Bharat each Dark sorrow of his mournful speech, And tidings of his father dead, His spirits fell, his senses fled. For the sad words his brother spoke Struck on him like a thunder stroke, Fierce as the bolt which Indra throws, The victor of his Daitya foes. Raising his arms in anguish, he, As when the woodman hews a tree With its fair flowery branches crowned, Fainted and fell upon the ground. Lord of the earth to earth he sank, Helpless, as when a towering bank With sudden ruin buries deep An elephant who lay asleep. Then swift his wife and brothers flew, And water, weeping, o’er him threw. As slowly sense and strength he gained, Fast from his eyes the tears he rained, And then in accents sad and weak Kakutstha’s son began to speak, And mourning for the monarch dead, With righteous words to Bharat said: “What calls me home, when he, alas, Has gone the way which all must pass? Of him, the best of kings bereft What guardian has Ayodhyá left? How may I please his spirit? how Delight the high-souled monarch now, Who wept for me and went above By me ungraced with mourning love? Ah, happy brothers! you have paid Due offerings to his parting shade. E’en when my banishment is o’er, Back to my home I go no more, To look upon the widowed state Reft of her king, disconsolate. E’en then, O tamer of the foe, If to Ayodhyá’s town I go, Who will direct me as of old, Now other worlds our father hold? From whom, my brother, shall I hear Those words which ever charmed mine ear And filled my bosom with delight Whene’er he saw me act aright?”

Thus Ráma spoke: then nearer came And looking on his moonbright dame, “Sítá, the king is gone,” he said: “And Lakshmaṇ, know thy sire is dead, And with the Gods on high enrolled: This mournful news has Bharat told.” He spoke: the noble youths with sighs Rained down the torrents from their eyes. And then the brothers of the chief With words of comfort soothed his grief: “Now to the king our sire who swayed The earth be due libations paid.” Soon as the monarch’s fate she knew, Sharp pangs of grief smote Sítá through: Nor could she look upon her lord With eyes from which the torrents poured. And Ráma strove with tender care To soothe the weeping dame’s despair, And then, with piercing woe distressed, The mournful Lakshmaṇ thus addressed: “Brother, I pray thee bring for me The pressed fruit of the Ingudí, And a bark mantle fresh and new, That I may pay this offering due. First of the three shall Sítá go, Next thou, and I the last: for so Moves the funereal pomp of woe.”(379)

Sumantra of the noble mind, Gentle and modest, meek and kind, Who, follower of each princely youth, To Ráma clung with constant truth, Now with the royal brothers’ aid The grief of Ráma soothed and stayed, And lent his arm his lord to guide Down to the river’s holy side. That lovely stream the heroes found, With woods that ever blossomed crowned, And there in bitter sorrow bent Their footsteps down the fair descent. Then where the stream that swiftly flowed A pure pellucid shallow showed, The funeral drops they duly shed, And “Father, this be thine,” they said. But he, the lord who ruled the land, Filled from the stream his hollowed hand, And turning to the southern side Stretched out his arm and weeping cried: “This sacred water clear and pure, An offering which shall aye endure To thee, O lord of kings, I give: Accept it where the spirits live!”

Then, when the solemn rite was o’er, Came Ráma to the river shore, And offered, with his brothers’ aid, Fresh tribute to his father’s shade. With jujube fruit he mixed the seed Of Ingudís from moisture freed, And placed it on a spot o’erspread With sacred grass, and weeping said: “Enjoy, great King, the cake which we Thy children eat and offer thee! For ne’er do blessed Gods refuse To share the food which mortals use.”

Then Ráma turned him to retrace The path that brought him to the place, And up the mountain’s pleasant side Where lovely lawns lay fair, he hied. Soon as his cottage door he gained His brothers to his breast he strained. From them and Sítá in their woes So loud the cry of weeping rose, That like the roar of lions round The mountain rolled the echoing sound. And Bharat’s army shook with fear The weeping of the chiefs to hear. “Bharat,” the soldiers cried, “’tis plain, His brother Ráma meets again, And with these cries that round us ring They sorrow for their sire the king.” Then leaving car and wain behind, One eager thought in every mind, Swift toward the weeping, every man, As each could find a passage, ran. Some thither bent their eager course With car, and elephant, and horse, And youthful captains on their feet With longing sped their lord to meet, As though the new-come prince had been An exile for long years unseen. Earth beaten in their frantic zeal By clattering hoof and rumbling wheel, Sent forth a deafening noise as loud As heaven when black with many a cloud. Then, with their consorts gathered near, Wild elephants in sudden fear Rushed to a distant wood, and shed An odour round them as they fled. And every silvan thing that dwelt Within those shades the terror felt, Deer, lion, tiger, boar and roe, Bison, wild-cow, and buffalo. And when the tumult wild they heard, With trembling pinions flew each bird, From tree, from thicket, and from lake, Swan, koïl, curlew, crane, and drake. With men the ground was overspread, With startled birds the sky o’erhead. Then on his sacrificial ground The sinless, glorious chief was found. Loading with curses deep and loud The hump-back and the queen, the crowd Whose cheeks were wet, whose eyes were dim, In fond affection ran to him. While the big tears their eyes bedewed, He looked upon the multitude, And then as sire and mother do, His arms about his loved ones threw. Some to his feet with reverence pressed, Some in his arms he strained: Each friend, with kindly words addressed, Due share of honour gained. Then, by their mighty woe o’ercome, The weeping heroes’ cry Filled, like the roar of many a drum, Hill, cavern, earth, and sky.

Canto CIV. The Meeting With The Queens.

Vaśishṭha with his soul athirst To look again on Ráma, first In line the royal widows placed, And then the way behind them traced. The ladies moving, faint and slow, Saw the fair stream before them flow, And by the bank their steps were led Which the two brothers visited. Kauśalyá with her faded cheek And weeping eyes began to speak, And thus in mournful tones addressed The queen Sumitrá and the rest: “See in the wood the bank’s descent, Which the two orphan youths frequent, Whose noble spirits never fall, Though woes surround them, reft of all. Thy son with love that never tires Draws water hence which mine requires. This day, for lowly toil unfit, His pious task thy son should quit.”

As on the long-eyed lady strayed, On holy grass, whose points were laid Directed to the southern sky, The funeral offering met her eye. When Ráma’s humble gift she spied Thus to the queens Kauśalyá cried: “The gift of Ráma’s hand behold, His tribute to the king high-souled, Offered to him, as texts require, Lord of Ikshváku’s line, his sire! Not such I deem the funeral food Of kings with godlike might endued. Can he who knew all pleasures, he Who ruled the earth from sea to sea, The mighty lord of monarchs, feed On Ingudí’s extracted seed? In all the world there cannot be A woe, I ween, more sad to see, Than that my glorious son should make His funeral gift of such a cake. The ancient text I oft have heard This day is true in every word: “Ne’er do the blessed Gods refuse To eat the food their children use.’ ”

The ladies soothed the weeping dame: To Ráma’s hermitage they came, And there the hero met their eyes Like a God fallen from the skies. Him joyless, reft of all, they viewed, And tears their mournful eyes bedewed. The truthful hero left his seat, And clasped the ladies’ lotus feet, And they with soft hands brushed away The dust that on his shoulders lay. Then Lakshmaṇ, when he saw each queen With weeping eyes and troubled mien, Near to the royal ladies drew And paid them gentle reverence too. He, Daśaratha’s offspring, signed The heir of bliss by Fortune kind, Received from every dame no less Each mark of love and tenderness. And Sítá came and bent before The widows, while her eyes ran o’er, And pressed their feet with many a tear. They when they saw the lady dear Pale, worn with dwelling in the wild, Embraced her as a darling child: “Daughter of royal Janak, bride Of Daśaratha’s son,” they cried, “How couldst thou, offspring of a king, Endure this woe and suffering In the wild forest? When I trace Each sign of trouble on thy face— That lotus which the sun has dried, That lily by the tempest tried, That gold whereon the dust is spread, That moon whence all the light is fled— Sorrow assails my heart, alas! As fire consumes the wood and grass.”

Then Ráma, as she spoke distressed, The feet of Saint Vaśishṭha pressed, Touched them with reverential love, Then near him took his seat: Thus Indra clasps in realms above The Heavenly Teacher’s(380) feet. Then with each counsellor and peer, Bharat of duteous mind, With citizens and captains near, Sat humbly down behind. When with his hands to him upraised, In devotee’s attire, Bharat upon his brother gazed Whose glory shone like fire, As when the pure Mahendra bends To the great Lord of Life, Among his noble crowd of friends This anxious thought was rife: “What words to Raghu’s son to-day Will royal Bharat speak, Whose heart has been so prompt to pay Obeisance fond and meek?” Then steadfast Ráma, Lakshmaṇ wise, Bharat for truth renowned, Shone like three fires that heavenward rise With holy priests around.

Canto CV. Ráma’s Speech.

A while they sat, each lip compressed, Then Bharat thus his chief addressed: “My mother here was made content; To me was given the government. This now, my lord, I yield to thee: Enjoy it, from all trouble free. Like a great bridge the floods have rent, Impetuous in their wild descent, All other hands but thine in vain Would strive the burthen to maintain. In vain the ass with steeds would vie, With Tárkshya,(381) birds that wing the sky; So, lord of men, my power is slight To rival thine imperial might. Great joys his happy days attend On whom the hopes of men depend, But wretched is the life he leads Who still the aid of others needs. And if the seed a man has sown, With care and kindly nurture grown, Rear its huge trunk and spring in time Too bulky for a dwarf to climb, Yet, with perpetual blossom gay, No fruit upon its boughs display, Ne’er can that tree, thus nursed in vain, Approval of the virtuous gain. The simile is meant to be Applied, O mighty-armed, to thee, Because, our lord and leader, thou Protectest not thy people now. O, be the longing wish fulfilled Of every chief of house and guild, To see again their sun-bright lord Victorious to his realm restored! As thou returnest through the crowd Let roars of elephants be loud. And each fair woman lift her voice And in her new-found king rejoice.”

The people all with longing moved, The words that Bharat spoke approved, And crowding near to Ráma pressed The hero with the same request. The steadfast Ráma, when he viewed His glorious brother’s mournful mood, With each ambitious thought controlled, Thus the lamenting prince consoled: “I cannot do the things I will, For Ráma is but mortal still. Fate with supreme, resistless law This way and that its slave will draw, All gathered heaps must waste away, All lofty lore and powers decay. Death is the end of life, and all, Now firmly joined, apart must fall. One fear the ripened fruit must know, To fall upon the earth below; So every man who draws his breath Must fear inevitable death. The pillared mansion, high, compact, Must fall by Time’s strong hand attacked; So mortal men, the gradual prey Of old and ruthless death, decay. The night that flies no more returns: Yamuná for the Ocean yearns: Swift her impetuous waters flee, But roll not backward from the sea. The days and nights pass swiftly by And steal our moments as they fly, E’en as the sun’s unpitying rays Drink up the floods in summer blaze. Then for thyself lament and leave For death of other men to grieve, For if thou go or if thou stay, Thy life is shorter day by day. Death travels with us; death attends Our steps until our journey ends, Death, when the traveller wins the goal, Returns with the returning soul. The flowing hair grows white and thin, And wrinkles mark the altered skin. The ills of age man’s strength assail: Ah, what can mortal power avail? Men joy to see the sun arise, They watch him set with joyful eyes: But ne’er reflect, too blind to see, How fast their own brief moments flee. With lovely change for ever new The seasons’ sweet return they view, Nor think with heedless hearts the while That lives decay as seasons smile. As haply on the boundless main Meet drifting logs and part again, So wives and children, friends and gold, Ours for a little time we hold: Soon by resistless laws of fate To meet no more we separate. In all this changing world not one The common lot of all can shun: Then why with useless tears deplore The dead whom tears can bring no more? As one might stand upon the way And to a troop of travellers say: “If ye allow it, sirs, I too Will travel on the road with you:” So why should mortal man lament When on that path his feet are bent Which all men living needs must tread, Where sire and ancestors have led? Life flies as torrents downward fall Speeding away without recall, So virtue should our thoughts engage, For bliss(382) is mortals’ heritage. By ceaseless care and earnest zeal For servants and for people’s weal, By gifts, by duty nobly done, Our glorious sire the skies has won. Our lord the king, o’er earth who reigned, A blissful home in heaven has gained By wealth in ample largess spent, And many a rite magnificent: With constant joy from first to last A long and noble life he passed, Praised by the good, no tears should dim Our eyes, O brother dear, for him. His human body, worn and tried By length of days, he cast aside, And gained the godlike bliss to stray In Brahmá’s heavenly home for aye. For such the wise as we are, deep In Veda lore, should never weep. Those who are firm and ever wise Spurn vain lament and idle sighs. Be self-possessed: thy grief restrain: Go, in that city dwell again. Return, O best of men, and be Obedient to our sire’s decree, While I with every care fulfil Our holy father’s righteous will, Observing in the lonely wood His charge approved by all the good.” Thus Ráma of the lofty mind To Bharat spoke his righteous speech, By every argument designed Obedience to his sire to teach.

Canto CVI. Bharat’s Speech.

Good Bharat, by the river side, To virtuous Ráma’s speech replied, And thus with varied lore addressed The prince, while nobles round him pressed: “In all this world whom e’er can we Find equal, scourge of foes, to thee? No ill upon thy bosom weighs, No thoughts of joy thy spirit raise. Approved art thou of sages old, To whom thy doubts are ever told. Alike in death and life, to thee The same to be and not to be. The man who such a soul can gain Can ne’er be crushed by woe or pain. Pure as the Gods, high-minded, wise, Concealed from thee no secret lies. Such glorious gifts are all thine own, And birth and death to thee are known, That ill can ne’er thy soul depress With all-subduing bitterness. O let my prayer, dear brother, win Thy pardon for my mother’s sin. Wrought for my sake who willed it not When absent in a distant spot. Duty alone with binding chains The vengeance due to crime restrains, Or on the sinner I should lift My hand in retribution swift. Can I who know the right, and spring From Daśaratha, purest king— Can I commit a heinous crime, Abhorred by all through endless time? The aged king I dare not blame, Who died so rich in holy fame, My honoured sire, my parted lord, E’en as a present God adored. Yet who in lore of duty skilled So foul a crime has ever willed, And dared defy both gain and right To gratify a woman’s spite? When death draws near, so people say, The sense of creatures dies away; And he has proved the ancient saw By acting thus in spite of law. But O my honoured lord, be kind, Dismiss the trespass from thy mind, The sin the king committed, led By haste, his consort’s wrath, and dread. For he who veils his sire’s offence With tender care and reverence— His sons approved by all shall live: Not so their fate who ne’er forgive. Be thou, my lord, the noble son, And the vile deed my sire has done, Abhorred by all the virtuous, ne’er Resent, lest thou the guilt too share. Preserve us, for on thee we call, Our sire, Kaikeyí, me and all Thy citizens, thy kith and kin; Preserve us and reverse the sin. To live in woods a devotee Can scarce with royal tasks agree, Nor can the hermit’s matted hair Suit fitly with a ruler’s care. Do not, my brother, do not still Pursue this life that suits thee ill. Mid duties of a king we count His consecration paramount, That he with ready heart and hand May keep his people and his land. What Warrior born to royal sway From certain good would turn away, A doubtful duty to pursue, That mocks him with the distant view? Thou wouldst to duty cleave, and gain The meed that follows toil and pain. In thy great task no labour spare: Rule the four castes with justest care. Mid all the four, the wise prefer The order of the householder:(383) Canst thou, whose thoughts to duty cleave, The best of all the orders leave? My better thou in lore divine, My birth, my sense must yield to thine: While thou, my lord, art here to reign, How shall my hands the rule maintain? O faithful lover of the right, Take with thy friends the royal might, Let thy sires’ realm, from trouble free, Obey her rightful king in thee. Here let the priests and lords of state Our monarch duly consecrate, With prayer and holy verses blessed By saint Vaśishṭha and the rest. Anointed king by us, again Seek fair Ayodhyá, there to reign, And like imperial Indra girt By Gods of Storm, thy might assert. From the three debts(384) acquittance earn, And with thy wrath the wicked burn, O’er all of us thy rule extend, And cheer with boons each faithful friend. Let thine enthronement, lord, this day Make all thy lovers glad and gay, And let all those who hate thee flee To the ten winds for fear of thee. Dear lord, my mother’s words of hate With thy sweet virtues expiate, And from the stain of folly clear The father whom we both revere. Brother, to me compassion show, I pray thee with my head bent low, And to these friends who on thee call,— As the Great Father pities all. But if my tears and prayers be vain, And thou in woods wilt still remain, I will with thee my path pursue And make my home in forests too.”

Thus Bharat strove to bend his will With suppliant head, but he, Earth’s lord, inexorable still Would keep his sire’s decree. The firmness of the noble chief The wondering people moved, And rapture mingling with their grief, All wept and all approved. “How firm his steadfast will,” they cried, “Who Keeps his promise thus! Ah, to Ayodhyá’s town,” they sighed, “He comes not back with us.” The holy priest, the swains who tilled The earth, the sons of trade, And e’en the mournful queens were filled With joy as Bharat prayed, And bent their heads, then weeping stilled A while, his prayer to aid.

Canto CVII. Ráma’s Speech.

Thus, by his friends encompassed round, He spoke, and Ráma, far renowned, To his dear brother thus replied, Whom holy rites had purified: “O thou whom Queen Kaikeyí bare The best of kings, thy words are fair, Our royal father, when of yore He wed her, to her father swore The best of kingdoms to confer, A noble dowry meet for her; Then, grateful, on the deadly day Of heavenly Gods’ and demons’ fray, A future boon on her bestowed To whose sweet care his life he owed. She to his mind that promise brought, And then the best of kings besought To bid me to the forest flee, And give the rule, O Prince, to thee. Thus bound by oath, the king our lord Gave her those boons of free accord, And bade me, O thou chief of men, Live in the woods four years and ten. I to this lonely wood have hied With faithful Lakshmaṇ by my side, And Sítá by no tears deterred, Resolved to keep my father’s word. And thou, my noble brother, too Shouldst keep our father’s promise true: Anointed ruler of the state Maintain his word inviolate. From his great debt, dear brother, free Our lord the king for love of me, Thy mother’s breast with joy inspire, And from all woe preserve thy sire. ’Tis said, near Gayá’s holy town(385) Gayá, great saint of high renown, This text recited when he paid Due rites to each ancestral shade: “A son is born his sire to free From Put’s infernal pains: Hence, saviour of his father, he The name of Puttra gains.”(386) Thus numerous sons are sought by prayer, In Scripture trained with graces fair, That of the number one some day May funeral rites at Gayá pay. The mighty saints who lived of old This holy doctrine ever hold. Then, best of men, our sire release From pains of hell, and give him peace. Now Bharat, to Ayodhyá speed, The brave Śatrughna with thee lead, Take with thee all the twice-born men, And please each lord and citizen. I now, O King, without delay To Daṇḍak wood will bend my way, And Lakshmaṇ and the Maithil dame Will follow still, our path the same. Now, Bharat, lord of men be thou, And o’er Ayodhyá reign: The silvan world to me shall bow, King of the wild domain. Yea, let thy joyful steps be bent To that fair town to-day, And I as happy and content, To Daṇḍak wood will stray. The white umbrella o’er thy brow Its cooling shade shall throw: I to the shadow of the bough And leafy trees will go. Śatrughna, for wise plans renowned, Shall still on thee attend; And Lakshmaṇ, ever faithful found, Be my familiar friend. Let us his sons, O brother dear, The path of right pursue, And keep the king we all revere Still to his promise true.”

Canto CVIII. Jáváli’s Speech.

Thus Ráma soothed his brother’s grief: Then virtuous Jáváli, chief Of twice-born sages, thus replied In words that virtue’s law defied: “Hail, Raghu’s princely son, dismiss A thought so weak and vain as this. Canst thou, with lofty heart endowed, Think with the dull ignoble crowd? For what are ties of kindred? can One profit by a brother man? Alone the babe first opes his eyes, And all alone at last he dies. The man, I ween, has little sense Who looks with foolish reverence On father’s or on mother’s name: In others, none a right may claim. E’en as a man may leave his home And to a distant village roam, Then from his lodging turn away And journey on the following day, Such brief possession mortals hold In sire and mother, house and gold, And never will the good and wise The brief uncertain lodging prize. Nor, best of men, shouldst thou disown Thy sire’s hereditary throne, And tread the rough and stony ground Where hardship, danger, woes abound. Come, let Ayodhyá rich and bright See thee enthroned with every rite: Her tresses bound in single braid(387) She waits thy coming long delayed. O come, thou royal Prince, and share The kingly joys that wait thee there, And live in bliss transcending price As Indra lives in Paradise. The parted king is naught to thee, Nor right in living man has he: The king is one, thou, Prince of men, Another art: be counselled then. Thy royal sire, O chief, has sped On the long path we all must tread. The common lot of all is this, And thou in vain art robbed of bliss. For those—and only those—I weep Who to the path of duty keep; For here they suffer ceaseless woe, And dying to destruction go. With pious care, each solemn day, Will men their funeral offerings pay: See, how the useful food they waste: He who is dead no more can taste. If one is fed, his strength renewed Whene’er his brother takes his food, Then offerings to the parted pay: Scarce will they serve him on his way. By crafty knaves these rules were framed, And to enforce men’s gifts proclaimed: “Give, worship, lead a life austere, Keep lustral rites, quit pleasures here.” There is no future life: be wise, And do, O Prince, as I advise. Enjoy, my lord, the present bliss, And things unseen from thought dismiss. Let this advice thy bosom move, The counsel sage which all approve; To Bharat’s earnest prayer incline, And take the rule so justly thine.”

Canto CIX. The Praises Of Truth.

By sage Jáváli thus addressed, Ráma of truthful hearts the best, With perfect skill and wisdom high Thus to his speech made fit reply: “Thy words that tempt to bliss are fair, But virtue’s garb they falsely wear. For he from duty’s path who strays To wander in forbidden ways, Allured by doctrine false and vain, Praise from the good can never gain. Their lives the true and boaster show, Pure and impure, and high and low, Else were no mark to judge between Stainless and stained and high and mean; They to whose lot fair signs may fall Were but as they who lack them all, And those to virtuous thoughts inclined Were but as men of evil mind. If in the sacred name of right I do this wrong in duty’s spite; The path of virtue meanly quit, And this polluting sin commit, What man who marks the bounds between Virtue and vice with insight keen, Would rank me high in after time Stained with this soul destroying crime? Whither could I, the sinner, turn, How hope a seat in heaven to earn, If I my plighted promise break, And thus the righteous path forsake? This world of ours is ever led To walk the ways which others tread, And as their princes they behold, The subjects too their lives will mould. That truth and mercy still must be Beloved of kings, is Heaven’s decree. Upheld by truth the monarch reigns, And truth the very world sustains. Truth evermore has been the love Of holy saints and Gods above, And he whose lips are truthful here Wins after death the highest sphere. As from a serpent’s deadly tooth, We shrink from him who scorns the truth. For holy truth is root and spring Of justice and each holy thing, A might that every power transcends, Linked to high bliss that never ends. Truth is all virtue’s surest base, Supreme in worth and first in place. Oblations, gifts men offer here, Vows, sacrifice, and rites austere, And Holy Writ, on truth depend: So men must still that truth defend. Truth, only truth protects the land, By truth unharmed our houses stand; Neglect of truth makes men distressed, And truth in highest heaven is blessed. Then how can I, rebellious, break Commandments which my father spake— I ever true and faithful found, And by my word of honour bound? My father’s bridge of truth shall stand Unharmed by my destructive hand: Not folly, ignorance, or greed My darkened soul shall thus mislead. Have we not heard that God and shade Turn from the hated offerings paid By him whose false and fickle mind No pledge can hold, no promise bind? Truth is all duty: as the soul, It quickens and supports the whole. The good respect this duty: hence Its sacred claims I reverence. The Warrior’s duty I despise That seeks the wrong in virtue’s guise: Those claims I shrink from, which the base, Cruel, and covetous embrace. The heart conceives the guilty thought, Then by the hand the sin is wrought, And with the pair is leagued a third, The tongue that speaks the lying word. Fortune and land and name and fame To man’s best care have right and claim; The good will aye to truth adhere, And its high laws must men revere. Base were the deed thy lips would teach, Approved as best by subtle speech. Shall I my plighted promise break, That I these woods my home would make? Shall I, as Bharat’s words advise, My father’s solemn charge despise? Firm stands the oath which then before My father’s face I soothly swore, Which Queen Kaikeyí’s anxious ear Rejoiced with highest joy to hear. Still in the wood will I remain, With food prescribed my life sustain, And please with fruit and roots and flowers Ancestral shades and heavenly powers. Here every sense contented, still Heeding the bounds of good and ill, My settled course will I pursue, Firm in my faith and ever true. Here in this wild and far retreat Will I my noble task complete; And Fire and Wind and Moon shall be Partakers of its fruit with me. A hundred offerings duly wrought His rank o’er Gods for Indra bought, And mighty saints their heaven secured By torturing years on earth endured.” That scoffing plea the hero spurned, And thus he spake once more, Chiding, the while his bosom burned, Jáváli’s impious lore: “Justice, and courage ne’er dismayed, Pity for all distressed, Truth, loving honour duly paid To Bráhman, God, and guest— In these, the true and virtuous say, Should lives of men be passed: They form the right and happy way That leads to heaven at last. My father’s thoughtless act I chide That gave thee honoured place, Whose soul, from virtue turned aside, Is faithless, dark, and base. We rank the Buddhist with the thief,(388) And all the impious crew Who share his sinful disbelief, And hate the right and true. Hence never should wise kings who seek To rule their people well, Admit, before their face to speak, The cursed infidel. But twice-born men in days gone by, Of other sort than thou, Have wrought good deeds, whose glories high Are fresh among us now: This world they conquered, nor in vain They strove to win the skies: The twice-born hence pure lives maintain, And fires of worship rise. Those who in virtue’s path delight, And with the virtuous live,— Whose flames of holy zeal are bright, Whose hands are swift to give, Who injure none, and good and mild In every grace excel, Whose lives by sin are undefiled, We love and honour well.” Thus Ráma spoke in righteous rage Jáváli’s speech to chide, When thus again the virtuous sage In truthful words replied: “The atheist’s lore I use no more, Not mine his impious creed: His words and doctrine I abhor, Assumed at time of need. E’en as I rose to speak with thee, The fit occasion came That bade me use the atheist’s plea To turn thee from thine aim. The atheist creed I disavow, Unsay the words of sin, And use the faithful’s language now Thy favour, Prince, to win.”

Canto CX. The Sons Of Ikshváku.(389)

Then spake Vaśishṭha who perceived That Ráma’s soul was wroth and grieved: “Well knows the sage Jáváli all The changes that the world befall; And but to lead thee to revoke Thy purpose were the words he spoke. Lord of the world, now hear from me How first this world began to be. First water was, and naught beside; There earth was formed that stretches wide. Then with the Gods from out the same The Self-existent Brahmá came. Then Brahmá(390) in a boar’s disguise Bade from the deep this earth arise; Then, with his sons of tranquil soul, He made the world and framed the whole. From subtlest ether Brahmá rose: No end, no loss, no change he knows. A son had he, Maríchi styled, And Kaśyap was Maríchi’s child. From him Vivasvat sprang: from him Manu, whose fame shall ne’er be dim. Manu, who life to mortals gave, Begot Ikshváku good and brave: First of Ayodhyá’s kings was he, Pride of her famous dynasty. From him the glorious Kukshi sprang, Whose fame through all the regions rang. Rival of Kukshi’s ancient fame, His heir the great Vikukshi came. His son was Váṇa, lord of might, His Anaraṇya, strong in fight. No famine marred his blissful reign, No drought destroyed the kindly grain; Amid the sons of virtue chief, His happy realm ne’er held a thief, His son was Prithu, glorious name, From him the wise Triśanku came: Embodied to the skies he went For love of truth preëminent. He left a son renowned afar, Known by the name of Dhundhumár. His son succeeding bore the name Of Yuvanáśva dear to fame. He passed away. Him followed then His son Mándhátá, king of men. His son was blest in high emprise, Susandhi, fortunate and wise. Two noble sons had he, to wit Dhruvasandhi and Prasenajit. Bharat was Dhruvasandhi’s son: His glorious arm the conquest won, Against his son King Asit, rose In fierce array his royal foes, Haihayas, Tálajanghas styled, And Śaśivindhus fierce and wild. Long time he strove, but forced to yield Fled from his kingdom and the field. The wives he left had both conceived— So is the ancient tale believed:— One, of her rival’s hopes afraid, Fell poison in the viands laid. It chanced that Chyavan, Bhrigu’s child, Had wandered to the pathless wild Where proud Himálaya’s lovely height Detained him with a strange delight. Then came the other widowed queen With lotus eyes and beauteous mien, Longing a noble son to bear, And wooed the saint with earnest prayer. When thus Kálindí, fairest dame With reverent supplication came, To her the holy sage replied: “O royal lady, from thy side A glorious son shall spring ere long, Righteous and true and brave and strong; He, scourge of foes and lofty-souled, His ancient race shall still uphold.”

Then round the sage the lady went, And bade farewell, most reverent. Back to her home she turned once more, And there her promised son she bore. Because her rival mixed the bane To render her conception vain, And her unripened fruit destroy, Sagar she called her rescued boy.(391) He, when he paid that solemn rite,(392) Filled living creatures with affright: Obedient to his high decree His countless sons dug out the sea. Prince Asamanj was Sagar’s child: But him with cruel sin defiled And loaded with the people’s hate His father banished from the state. To Asamanj his consort bare Bright Anśumán his valiant heir. Anśumán’s son, Dilípa famed, Begot a son Bhagírath named. From him renowned Kakutstha came: Thou bearest still the lineal name. Kakutstha’s son was Raghu: thou Art styled the son of Raghu now. From him came Purushádak bold, Fierce hero of gigantic mould: Kalmáshapáda’s name he bore, Because his feet were spotted o’er. Śankhan his son, to manhood grown, Died sadly with his host o’erthrown, But ere he perished sprang from him Sudarśan fair in face and limb. From beautiful Sudarśan came Prince Agnivarṇa, bright as flame. His son was Śíghraga, for speed Unmatched; and Maru was his seed. Prasusruka was Maru’s child: His son was Ambarísha styled. Nahush was Ambarísha’s heir With hand to strike and heart to dare. His son was good Nábhág, from youth Renowned for piety and truth. From great Nábhág sprang children two Aja and Suvrat pure and true. From Aja Daśaratha came, Whose virtuous life was free from blame. His eldest son art thou: his throne, O famous Ráma, is thine own. Accept the sway so justly thine, And view the world with eyes benign. For ever in Ikshváku’s race The eldest takes his father’s place, And while he lives no son beside As lord and king is sanctified. The rule by Raghu’s children kept Thou must not spurn to-day. This realm of peerless wealth accept, And like thy father sway.”

Canto CXI. Counsel To Bharat.

Thus said Vaśishṭha, and again To Ráma spake in duteous strain: “All men the light of life who see With high respect should look on three: High honour ne’er must be denied To father, mother, holy guide. First to their sires their birth they owe, Nursed with maternal love they grow: Their holy guides fair knowledge teach: So men should love and honour each. Thy sire and thou have learned of me, The sacred guide of him and thee, And if my word thou wilt obey Thou still wilt keep the virtuous way. See, with the chiefs of every guild And all thy friends, this place is filled: All these, as duty bids, protect; So still the righteous path respect. O, for thine aged mother feel, Nor spurn the virtuous dame’s appeal: Obey, O Prince, thy mother dear, And still to virtue’s path adhere. Yield thou to Bharat’s fond request, With earnest supplication pressed, So wilt thou to thyself be true, And faith and duty still pursue.”

Thus by his saintly guide addressed With pleas in sweetest tones expressed, The lord of men in turn replied To wise Vaśishṭha by his side: “The fondest son’s observance ne’er Repays the sire and mother’s care: The constant love that food provides, And dress, and every need besides: Their pleasant words still soft and mild, Their nurture of the helpless child: The words which Daśaratha spake, My king and sire, I ne’er will break.”

Then Bharat of the ample chest The wise Sumantra thus addressed; “Bring sacred grass, O charioteer, And strew it on the level here. For I will sit and watch his face Until I win my brother’s grace. Like a robbed Bráhman will I lie,(393) Nor taste of food nor turn my eye, In front of Ráma’s leafy cot, And till he yield will leave him not.”

When Bharat saw Sumantra’s eye Looked up to Ráma for reply, The Prince himself in eager haste The sacred grass in order placed. Him great and mighty Ráma, best Of royal saints, in turn addressed: “What, Bharat, have I done, that thou Besiegest me,(394) a suppliant now? Thus streched, to force redress for wrongs To men of Bráhman birth belongs, Not those upon whose kingly head The consecrating drops are shed. Up, lord of men! arise, and quit This fearful vow for thee unfit. Go, brother, seek Ayodhyá’s town, Fair city of supreme renown.”

But Bharat, as his seat he took, Cast all around an eager look: “O people, join your prayers with mine, And so his stubborn heart incline.”

And all the people answered thus: “Full well is Ráma known to us. Right is the word he speaks and he Is faithful to his sire’s decree: Nor can we rashly venture now To turn him from his purposed vow.”

Then Ráma spoke: “O Bharat, heed Thy virtuous friends, and mark their rede. Mark well what I and these advise, And duty view with clearer eyes. Thy hand on mine, O hero, place, Touch water, and thy sin efface.”

Then Bharat rose: his hand he dipped, And purifying water sipped: “Each citizen,” he cried, “give ear, Attend, each counsellor and peer. My mother planned, by me untaught, To win the sway I never sought: Ne’er Raghu’s son could I despise, In duty’s lore supremely wise. Now if obedience to our sire This dwelling in the woods require, I, till the destined years be spent, Will dwell alone in banishment.”

The virtuous Ráma, wonder-stirred, The faithful speech of Bharat heard, And thus the hero’s feelings found Due utterance, as he gazed around:

“Still to my father’s word I hold, Whate’er he bought, or pledged, or sold: Ne’er shall his living promise be Annulled by Bharat or by me. Not thus my task will I evade, My exile on another laid: Most wise was Queen Kaikeyí’s rede, And just and good my father’s deed. Dear Bharat’s patient soul I know, How reverence due he loves to show; In him, high-souled and faithful found, Must each auspicious grace abound. When from the woods I turn again I with his aid shall nobly reign, With one so good, of peerless worth, A glorious lord of happy earth. Her boon Kaikeyí sought and won. I, as my father swore, have done: And O, do thou, my brother dear, The monarch’s name from falsehood clear.

Canto CXII. The Sandals.

High wonder mingled with delight Took the great sages at the sight, Thrilling their breasts who came to view The meeting of the peerless two. The saints and sages’ holy train Departed to their home again. And high each holy voice was raised, And thus the glorious brothers praised.

“High fate is his, the sire of two Most virtuous souls, so brave and true: With wonder and with joy intense Our ears have heard their conference.” Then the great sages, longing all To see the ten-necked tyrant(395) fall, To Bharat, bravest of the brave, Their salutary counsel gave:

“O thou of lofty lineage born, Whom wisdom, conduct, fame adorn, Thou for thy honoured father’s sake Shouldst Ráma’s righteous counsel take. All debts to Queen Kaikeyí paid, Thy sire his home in heaven has made, So virtuous Ráma we would see From filial obligation free.” Thus gave each royal sage advice, High saint, and bard of Paradise; Then quickly vanishing from view Each to his proper home withdrew. Then Ráma’s face his rapture showed, And his full heart with joy o’erflowed, While, as the sages parted thence, He paid his humble reverence.

Then Bharat shook in every limb As suppliant thus he spake to him: “The duty of a king respect, Held by our race in high respect: And O, thy gracious ear incline To heed my mother’s prayer and mine. The mighty realm to rule and guard For me alone is task too hard. No power have I the love to gain Of noble, citizen, and swain. All those who know thee, warrior, friend, On thee their eager glances bend, As labouring hinds who till the plain Look fondly for the Lord of Rain. O wisest Prince, thy realm secure, And make its firm foundations sure. Kakutstha’s son, thy mighty arm Can keep the nation free from harm.” He spoke, and fell in sorrow drowned At Ráma’s feet upon the ground, And there the hero sued and sighed, And “Hear me, Raghu’s son,” he cried.

Then Ráma raised him up, and pressed His brother to his loving breast, And sweetly as a wild swan cried To Bharat dark and lotus-eyed: “So just and true thy generous soul, Thy hand may well this earth control: But many a sage his aid will lend, With counsellor, and peer, and friend: With these advise: their counsel ask, And so perform thy arduous task. The moon his beauty may forgo, The cold forsake the Hills of Snow, And Ocean o’er his banks may sweep, But I my father’s word will keep. Now whether love of thee or greed Thy mother led to plan the deed, Forth from thy breast the memory throw, And filial love and reverence show.”

Thus spake Kauśalyá’s son: again Bharat replied in humble strain To him who matched the sun in might And lovely as the young moon’s light: “Put, noble brother, I entreat, These sandals on thy blessed feet: These, lord of men, with gold bedecked, The realm and people will protect.”

Then Ráma, as his brother prayed Beneath his feet the sandals laid, And these with fond affection gave To Bharat’s hand, the good and brave. Then Bharat bowed his reverent head And thus again to Ráma said: “Through fourteen seasons will I wear The hermit’s dress and matted hair: With fruit and roots my life sustain, And still beyond the realm remain, Longing for thee to come again. The rule and all affairs of state I to these shoes will delegate. And if, O tamer of thy foes, When fourteen years have reached their close, I see thee not that day return, The kindled fire my frame shall burn.”

Then Ráma to his bosom drew Dear Bharat and Śatrughna too: “Be never wroth,” he cried, “with her, Kaikeyí’s guardian minister: This, glory of Ikshváku’s line, Is Sítá’s earnest prayer and mine.” He spoke, and as the big tears fell, To his dear brother bade farewell. Round Ráma, Bharat strong and bold In humble reverence paced, When the bright sandals wrought with gold Above his brows were placed. The royal elephant who led The glorious pomp he found, And on the monster’s mighty head Those sandals duly bound. Then noble Ráma, born to swell The glories of his race, To all in order bade farewell With love and tender grace— To brothers, counsellers, and peers,— Still firm, in duty proved, Firm, as the Lord of Snow uprears His mountains unremoved. No queen, for choking sobs and sighs, Could say her last adieu: Then Ráma bowed, with flooded eyes, And to his cot withdrew.

Canto CXIII. Bharat’s Return.

Bearing the sandals on his head Away triumphant Bharat sped, And clomb, Śatrughna by his side, The car wherein he wont to ride. Before the mighty army went The lords for counsel eminent, Vaśishṭha, Vámadeva next, Jáváli, pure with prayer and text. Then from that lovely river they Turned eastward on their homeward way: With reverent steps from left to right They circled Chitrakúṭa’s height, And viewed his peaks on every side With stains of thousand metals dyed. Then Bharat saw, not far away, Where Bharadvája’s dwelling lay, And when the chieftain bold and sage Had reached that holy hermitage, Down from the car he sprang to greet The saint, and bowed before his feet. High rapture filled the hermit’s breast, Who thus the royal prince addressed: “Say, Bharat, is thy duty done? Hast thou with Ráma met, my son?”

The chief whose soul to virtue clave This answer to the hermit gave: “I prayed him with our holy guide: But Raghu’s son our prayer denied, And long besought by both of us He answered Saint Vaśishṭha thus: “True to my vow, I still will be Observant of my sire’s decree: Till fourteen years complete their course That promise shall remain in force.” The saint in highest wisdom taught, These solemn words with wisdom fraught, To him in lore of language learned Most eloquent himself returned: “Obey my rede: let Bharat hold This pair of sandals decked with gold: They in Ayodhyá shall ensure Our welfare, and our bliss secure.” When Ráma heard the royal priest He rose, and looking to the east Consigned the sandals to my hand That they for him might guard the land. Then from the high-souled chief’s abode I turned upon my homeward road, Dismissed by him, and now this pair Of sandals to Ayodhyá bear.”

To him the hermit thus replied, By Bharat’s tidings gratified: “No marvel thoughts so just and true, Thou best of all who right pursue, Should dwell in thee, O Prince of men, As waters gather in the glen. He is not dead, we mourn in vain: Thy blessed father lives again, Whose noble son we thus behold Like Virtue’s self in human mould.”

He ceased: before him Bharat fell To clasp his feet, and said farewell: His reverent steps around him bent, And onward to Ayodhyá went. His host of followers stretching far With many an elephant and car, Waggon and steed, and mighty train, Traversed their homeward way again. O’er holy Yamuná they sped, Fair stream, with waves engarlanded, And then once more the rivers’ queen, The blessed Gangá’s self was seen. Then making o’er that flood his way, Where crocodiles and monsters lay, The king to Śringavera drew His host and royal retinue. His onward way he thence pursued, And soon renowned Ayodhyá viewed. Then burnt by woe and sad of cheer Bharat addressed the charioteer: “Ah, see, Ayodhyá dark and sad, Her glory gone, once bright and glad: Of joy and beauty reft, forlorn, In silent grief she seems to mourn.”

Canto CXIV. Bharat’s Departure.

Deep, pleasant was the chariot’s sound As royal Bharat, far renowned, Whirled by his mettled coursers fast Within Ayodhyá’s city passed. There dark and drear was every home Where cats and owls had space to roam, As when the shades of midnight fall With blackest gloom, and cover all: As Rohiṇí, dear spouse of him Whom Ráhu hates,(396) grows faint and dim, When, as she shines on high alone The demon’s shade is o’er her thrown: As burnt by summer’s heat a rill Scarce trickling from her parent hill, With dying fish in pools half dried, And fainting birds upon her side: As sacrificial flames arise When holy oil their food supplies, But when no more the fire is fed Sink lustreless and cold and dead: Like some brave host that filled the plain, With harness rent and captains slain, When warrior, elephant, and steed Mingled in wild confusion bleed: As when, all spent her store of worth, Rocks from her base the loosened earth: Like a sad fallen star no more Wearing the lovely light it wore: So mournful in her lost estate Was that sad town disconsolate. Then car-borne Bharat, good and brave, Thus spake to him the steeds who drave: “Why are Ayodhyá’s streets so mute? Where is the voice of lyre and lute? Why sounds not, as of old, to-day The music of the minstrel’s lay? Where are the wreaths they used to twine? Where are the blossoms and the wine? Where is the cool refreshing scent Of sandal dust with aloe blent? The elephant’s impatient roar, The din of cars, I hear no more: No more the horse’s pleasant neigh Rings out to meet me on my way. Ayodhyá’s youths, since Ráma’s flight, Have lost their relish for delight: Her men roam forth no more, nor care Bright garlands round their necks to wear. All grieve for banished Ráma: feast, And revelry and song have ceased: Like a black night when floods pour down, So dark and gloomy is the town. When will he come to make them gay Like some auspicious holiday? When will my brother, like a cloud At summer’s close, make glad the crowd?”

Then through the streets the hero rode, And passed within his sire’s abode, Like some deserted lion’s den, Forsaken by the lord of men. Then to the inner bowers he came, Once happy home of many a dame, Now gloomy, sad, and drear, Dark as of old that sunless day When wept the Gods in wild dismay;(397) There poured he many a tear.

Canto CXV. Nandigrám.(398)

Then when the pious chief had seen Lodged in her home each widowed queen, Still with his burning grief oppressed His holy guides he thus addressed: “I go to Nandigrám: adieu, This day, my lords to all of you: I go, my load of grief to bear, Reft of the son of Raghu, there. The king my sire, alas, is dead, And Ráma to the forest fled; There will I wait till he, restored, Shall rule the realm, its rightful lord.”

They heard the high-souled prince’s speech, And thus with ready answer each Of those great lords their chief addressed, With saint Vaśishṭha and the rest: “Good are the words which thou hast said, By brotherly affection led, Like thine own self, a faithful friend, True to thy brother to the end: A heart like thine must all approve, Which naught from virtue’s path can move.”

Soon as the words he loved to hear Fell upon Bharat’s joyful ear, Thus to the charioteer he spoke: “My car with speed, Sumantra, yoke.” Then Bharat with delighted mien Obeisance paid to every queen, And with Śatrughna by his side Mounting the car away he hied. With lords, and priests in long array The brothers hastened on their way. And the great pomp the Bráhmans led With Saint Vaśishṭha at their head. Then every face was eastward bent As on to Nandigrám they went. Behind the army followed, all Unsummoned by their leader’s call, And steeds and elephants and men Streamed forth with every citizen. As Bharat in his chariot rode His heart with love fraternal glowed, And with the sandals on his head To Nandigrám he quickly sped. Within the town he swiftly pressed, Alighted, and his guides addressed: “To me in trust my brother’s hand Consigned the lordship of the land, When he these gold-wrought sandals gave As emblems to protect and save.” Then Bharat bowed, and from his head The sacred pledge deposited, And thus to all the people cried Who ringed him round on every side: “Haste, for these sandals quickly bring The canopy that shades the king. Pay ye to them all reverence meet As to my elder brother’s feet, For they will right and law maintain Until King Ráma come again. My brother with a loving mind These sandals to my charge consigned: I till he come will guard with care The sacred trust for Raghu’s heir. My watchful task will soon be done, The pledge restored to Raghu’s son; Then shall I see, his wanderings o’er, These sandals on his feet once more. My brother I shall meet at last, The burthen from my shoulders cast, To Ráma’s hand the realm restore And serve my elder as before. When Ráma takes again this pair Of sandals kept with pious care, And here his glorious reign begins, I shall be cleansed from all my sins, When the glad people’s voices ring With welcome to the new-made king, Joy will be mine four-fold as great As if supreme I ruled the state.”

Thus humbly spoke in sad lament The chief in fame preëminent: Thus, by his reverent lords obeyed, At Nandigrám the kingdom swayed. With hermit’s dress and matted hair He dwelt with all his army there. The sandals of his brother’s feet Installed upon the royal seat, He, all his powers to them referred, Affairs of state administered. In every care, in every task, When golden store was brought, He first, as though their rede to ask, Those royal sandals sought.

Canto CXVI. The Hermit’s Speech.

When Bharat took his homeward road Still Ráma in the wood abode: But soon he marked the fear and care That darkened all the hermits there. For all who dwelt before the hill Were sad with dread of coming ill: Each holy brow was lined by thought, And Ráma’s side they often sought. With gathering frowns the prince they eyed, And then withdrew and talked aside.

Then Raghu’s son with anxious breast The leader of the saints addressed: “Can aught that I have done displease, O reverend Sage, the devotees? Why are their loving looks, O say, Thus sadly changed or turned away? Has Lakshmaṇ through his want of heed Offended with unseemly deed? Or is the gentle Sítá, she Who loved to honour you and me— Is she the cause of this offence, Failing in lowly reverence?”

One sage, o’er whom, exceeding old, Had many a year of penance rolled, Trembling in every aged limb Thus for the rest replied to him: “How could we, O beloved, blame Thy lofty-souled Videhan dame, Who in the good of all delights, And more than all of anchorites? But yet through thee a numbing dread Of fiends among our band has spread; Obstructed by the demons’ art The trembling hermits talk apart. For Rávaṇ’s brother, overbold, Named Khara, of gigantic mould, Vexes with fury fierce and fell All those in Janasthán(399) who dwell. Resistless in his cruel deeds, On flesh of men the monster feeds: Sinful and arrogant is he, And looks with special hate on thee. Since thou, beloved son, hast made Thy home within this holy shade, The fiends have vexed with wilder rage The dwellers of the hermitage. In many a wild and dreadful form Around the trembling saints they swarm, With hideous shape and foul disguise They terrify our holy eyes. They make our loathing souls endure Insult and scorn and sights impure, And flocking round the altars stay The holy rites we love to pay. In every spot throughout the grove With evil thoughts the monsters rove, Assailing with their secret might Each unsuspecting anchorite. Ladle and dish away they fling, Our fires with floods extinguishing, And when the sacred flame should burn They trample on each water-urn. Now when they see their sacred wood Plagued by this impious brotherhood, The troubled saints away would roam And seek in other shades a home: Hence will we fly, O Ráma, ere The cruel fiends our bodies tear. Not far away a forest lies Rich in the roots and fruit we prize, To this will I and all repair And join the holy hermits there; Be wise, and with us thither flee Before this Khara injure thee. Mighty art thou, O Ráma, yet Each day with peril is beset. If with thy consort by thy side Thou in this wood wilt still abide.”

He ceased: the words the hero spake The hermit’s purpose failed to break: To Raghu’s son farewell he said, And blessed the chief and comforted; Then with the rest the holy sage Departed from the hermitage.

So from the wood the saints withdrew, And Ráma bidding all adieu In lowly reverence bent: Instructed by their friendly speech, Blest with the gracious love of each, To his pure home he went. Nor would the son of Raghu stray A moment from that grove away From which the saints had fled. And many a hermit thither came Attracted by his saintly fame And the pure life he led.

Canto CXVII. Anasúyá.

But dwelling in that lonely spot Left by the hermits pleased him not. “I met the faithful Bharat here, The townsmen, and my mother dear: The painful memory lingers yet, And stings me with a vain regret. And here the host of Bharat camped, And many a courser here has stamped, And elephants with ponderous feet Have trampled through the calm retreat.” So forth to seek a home he hied, His spouse and Lakshmaṇ by his side. He came to Atri’s pure retreat, Paid reverence to his holy feet, And from the saint such welcome won As a fond father gives his son. The noble prince with joy unfeigned As a dear guest he entertained, And cheered the glorious Lakshmaṇ too And Sítá with observance due. Then Anasúyá at the call Of him who sought the good of all, His blameless venerable spouse, Delighting in her holy vows, Came from her chamber to his side: To her the virtuous hermit cried: “Receive, I pray, with friendly grace This dame of Maithil monarchs’ race:” To Ráma next made known his wife, The devotee of saintliest life: “Ten thousand years this votaress bent On sternest rites of penance spent; She when the clouds withheld their rain, And drought ten years consumed the plain, Caused grateful roots and fruit to grow And ordered Gangá here to flow: So from their cares the saints she freed, Nor let these checks their rites impede, She wrought in Heaven’s behalf, and made Ten nights of one, the Gods to aid:(400) Let holy Anasúyá be An honoured mother, Prince, to thee. Let thy Videhan spouse draw near To her whom all that live revere, Stricken in years, whose loving mind Is slow to wrath and ever kind.”

He ceased: and Ráma gave assent, And said, with eyes on Sítá bent: “O Princess, thou hast heard with me This counsel of the devotee: Now that her touch thy soul may bless, Approach the saintly votaress: Come to the venerable dame, Far known by Anasúyá’s name: The mighty things that she has done High glory in the world have won.”

Thus spoke the son of Raghu: she Approached the saintly devotee, Who with her white locks, old and frail, Shook like a plantain in the gale. To that true spouse she bowed her head, And “Lady, I am Sítá,” said: Raised suppliant hands and prayed her tell That all was prosperous and well.

The aged matron, when she saw Fair Sítá true to duty’s law, Addressed her thus: “High fate is thine Whose thoughts to virtue still incline. Thou, lady of the noble mind, Hast kin and state and wealth resigned To follow Ráma forced to tread Where solitary woods are spread. Those women gain high spheres above Who still unchanged their husbands love, Whether they dwell in town or wood, Whether their hearts be ill or good. Though wicked, poor, or led away In love’s forbidden paths to stray, The noble matron still will deem Her lord a deity supreme. Regarding kin and friendship, I Can see no better, holier tie, And every penance-rite is dim Beside the joy of serving him. But dark is this to her whose mind Promptings of idle fancy blind, Who led by evil thoughts away Makes him who should command obey. Such women, O dear Maithil dame, Their virtue lose and honest fame, Enslaved by sin and folly, led In these unholy paths to tread. But they who good and true like thee The present and the future see, Like men by holy deeds will rise To mansions in the blissful skies. So keep thee pure from taint of sin, Still to thy lord be true, And fame and merit shalt thou win, To thy devotion due.”

Canto CXVIII. Anasúyá’s Gifts.

Thus by the holy dame addressed Who banished envy from her breast, Her lowly reverence Sítá paid, And softly thus her answer made: “No marvel, best of dames, thy speech The duties of a wife should teach; Yet I, O lady, also know Due reverence to my lord to show. Were he the meanest of the base, Unhonoured with a single grace, My husband still I ne’er would leave, But firm through all to him would cleave: Still rather to a lord like mine Whose virtues high-exalted shine, Compassionate, of lofty soul, With every sense in due control, True in his love, of righteous mind, Like a dear sire and mother kind. E’en as he ever loves to treat Kauśalyá with observance meet, Has his behaviour ever been To every other honoured queen. Nay, more, a sonlike reverence shows The noble Ráma e’en to those On whom the king his father set His eyes one moment, to forget. Deep in my heart the words are stored, Said by the mother of my lord, When from my home I turned away In the lone fearful woods to stray. The counsel of my mother deep Impressed upon my soul I keep, When by the fire I took my stand, And Ráma clasped in his my hand. And in my bosom cherished yet, My friends’ advice I ne’er forget: Woman her holiest offering pays When she her husband’s will obeys. Good Sávitrí her lord obeyed, And a high saint in heaven was made, And for the self-same virtue thou Hast heaven in thy possession now. And she with whom no dame could vie, Now a bright Goddess in the sky, Sweet Rohiṇí the Moon’s dear Queen, Without her lord is never seen: And many a faithful wife beside For her pure love is glorified.”

Thus Sítá spake: soft rapture stole Through Anasúyá’s saintly soul: Kisses on Sítá’s head she pressed, And thus the Maithil dame addressed: “I by long rites and toils endured Rich store of merit have secured: From this my wealth will I bestow A blessing ere I let thee go. So right and wise and true each word That from thy lips mine ears have heard, I love thee: be my pleasing task To grant the boon that thou shalt ask.”

Then Sítá marvelled much, and while Played o’er her lips a gentle smile, “All has been done, O Saint,” she cried, “And naught remains to wish beside.”

She spake; the lady’s meek reply Swelled Anasúyá’s rapture high. “Sítá,” she said, “my gift to-day Thy sweet contentment shall repay. Accept this precious robe to wear, Of heavenly fabric, rich and rare, These gems thy limbs to ornament, This precious balsam sweet of scent. O Maithil dame, this gift of mine Shall make thy limbs with beauty shine, And breathing o’er thy frame dispense Its pure and lasting influence. This balsam on thy fair limbs spread New radiance on thy lord shall shed, As Lakshmí’s beauty lends a grace To Vishṇu’s own celestial face.”

Then Sítá took the gift the dame Bestowed on her in friendship’s name, The balsam, gems, and robe divine, And garlands wreathed of bloomy twine; Then sat her down, with reverence meet, At saintly Anasúyá’s feet. The matron rich in rites and vows Turned her to Ráma’s Maithil spouse, And questioned thus in turn to hear A pleasant tale to charm her ear: “Sítá, ’tis said that Raghu’s son Thy hand, mid gathered suitors, won. I fain would hear thee, lady, tell The story as it all befell: Do thou repeat each thing that passed, Reviewing all from first to last.”

Thus spake the dame to Sítá: she Replying to the devotee, “Then, lady, thy attention lend,” Rehearsed the story to the end:

“King Janak, just and brave and strong, Who loves the right and hates the wrong, Well skilled in what the law ordains For Warriors, o’er Videha reigns. Guiding one morn the plough, his hand Marked out, for rites the sacred land, When, as the ploughshare cleft the earth, Child of the king I leapt to birth. Then as the ground he smoothed and cleared, He saw me all with dust besmeared, And on the new-found babe, amazed The ruler of Videha gazed. In childless love the monarch pressed The welcome infant to his breast: “My daughter,” thus he cried, “is she:” And as his child he cared for me. Forth from the sky was heard o’erhead As ’twere a human voice that said: “Yea, even so: great King, this child Henceforth thine own be justly styled.” Videha’s monarch, virtuous souled, Rejoiced o’er me with joy untold, Delighting in his new-won prize, The darling of his heart and eyes. To his chief queen of saintly mind The precious treasure he consigned, And by her side she saw me grow, Nursed with the love which mothers know. Then as he saw the seasons fly, And knew my marriage-time was nigh, My sire was vexed with care, as sad As one who mourns the wealth he had: “Scorn on the maiden’s sire must wait From men of high and low estate: The virgin’s father all despise, Though Indra’s peer, who rules the skies.” More near he saw, and still more near, The scorn that filled his soul with fear, On trouble’s billowy ocean tossed, Like one whose shattered bark is lost. My father knowing how I came, No daughter of a mortal dame, In all the regions failed to see A bridegroom meet to match with me. Each way with anxious thought he scanned, And thus at length the monarch planned: “The Bride’s Election will I hold, With every rite prescribed of old.” It pleased King Varuṇ to bestow Quiver and shafts and heavenly bow Upon my father’s sire who reigned, When Daksha his great rite ordained. Where was the man might bend or lift With utmost toil that wondrous gift? Not e’en in dreams could mortal king Strain the great bow or draw the string. Of this tremendous bow possessed, My truthful father thus addressed The lords of many a region, all Assembled at the monarch’s call: “Whoe’er this bow can manage, he The husband of my child shall be.” The suitors viewed with hopeless eyes That wondrous bow of mountain size, Then to my sire they bade adieu, And all with humbled hearts withdrew. At length with Viśvámitra came This son of Raghu, dear to fame, The royal sacrifice to view. Near to my father’s home he drew, His brother Lakshmaṇ by his side, Ráma, in deeds heroic tried. My sire with honour entertained The saint in lore of duty trained, Who thus in turn addressed the king: “Ráma and Lakshmaṇ here who spring From royal Daśaratha, long To see thy bow so passing strong.”

Before the prince’s eyes was laid That marvel, as the Bráhman prayed. One moment on the bow he gazed, Quick to the notch the string he raised, Then, in the wandering people’s view, The cord with mighty force he drew. Then with an awful crash as loud As thunderbolts that cleave the cloud, The bow beneath the matchless strain Of arms heroic snapped in twain. Thus, giving purest water, he, My sire, to Ráma offered me. The prince the offered gift declined Till he should learn his father’s mind; So horsemen swift Ayodhyá sought And back her aged monarch brought. Me then my sire to Ráma gave, Self-ruled, the bravest of the brave. And Urmilá, the next to me, Graced with all gifts, most fair to see, My sire with Raghu’s house allied, And gave her to be Lakshmaṇ’s bride. Thus from the princes of the land Lord Ráma won my maiden hand, And him exalted high above Heroic chiefs I truly love.”

Canto CXIX. The Forest.

When Anasúyá, virtuous-souled, Had heard the tale by Sítá told, She kissed the lady’s brow and laced Her loving arms around her waist. “With sweet-toned words distinct and clear Thy pleasant tale has charmed mine ear, How the great king thy father held That Maiden’s Choice unparalleled. But now the sun has sunk from sight, And left the world to holy Night. Hark! how the leafy thickets sound With gathering birds that twitter round: They sought their food by day, and all Flock homeward when the shadows fall. See, hither comes the hermit band, Each with his pitcher in his hand: Fresh from the bath, their locks are wet, Their coats of bark are dripping yet. Here saints their fires of worship tend, And curling wreaths of smoke ascend: Borne on the flames they mount above, Dark as the brown wings of the dove. The distant trees, though well-nigh bare, Gloom thickened by the evening air, And in the faint uncertain light Shut the horizon from our sight. The beasts that prowl in darkness rove On every side about the grove, And the tame deer, at ease reclined Their shelter near the altars find. The night o’er all the sky is spread, With lunar stars engarlanded, And risen in his robes of light The moon is beautifully bright. Now to thy lord I bid thee go: Thy pleasant tale has charmed me so: One thing alone I needs must pray, Before me first thyself array: Here in thy heavenly raiment shine, And glad, dear love, these eyes of mine.” Then like a heavenly Goddess shone Fair Sítá with that raiment on. She bowed her to the matron’s feet, Then turned away her lord to meet. The hero prince with joy surveyed His Sítá in her robes arrayed, As glorious to his arms she came With love-gifts of the saintly dame. She told him how the saint to show Her fond affection would bestow That garland of celestial twine, Those ornaments and robes divine. Then Ráma’s heart, nor Lakshmaṇ’s less, Was filled with pride and happiness, For honours high had Sítá gained, Which mortal dames have scarce obtained. There honoured by each pious sage Who dwelt within the hermitage, Beside his darling well content That sacred night the hero spent.

The princes, when the night had fled, Farewell to all the hermits said, Who gazed upon the distant shade, Their lustral rites and offerings paid. The saints who made their dwelling there In words like these addressed the pair: “O Princes, monsters fierce and fell Around that distant forest dwell: On blood from human veins they feed, And various forms assume at need, With savage beasts of fearful power That human flesh and blood devour. Our holy saints they rend and tear When met alone or unaware, And eat them in their cruel joy: These chase, O Ráma, or destroy. By this one path our hermits go To fetch the fruits that yonder grow: By this, O Prince, thy feet should stray Through pathless forests far away.”

Thus by the reverent saints addressed, And by their prayers auspicious blessed, He left the holy crowd: His wife and brother by his side, Within the mighty wood he hied. So sinks the Day-God in his pride Beneath a bank of cloud.

BOOK III.

Canto I. The Hermitage.

When Ráma, valiant hero, stood In the vast shade of Daṇḍak wood, His eyes on every side he bent And saw a hermit settlement, Where coats of bark were hung around, And holy grass bestrewed the ground. Bright with Bráhmanic lustre glowed That circle where the saints abode: Like the hot sun in heaven it shone, Too dazzling to be looked upon. Wild creatures found a refuge where The court, well-swept, was bright and fair, And countless birds and roedeer made Their dwelling in the friendly shade. Beneath the boughs of well-loved trees Oft danced the gay Apsarases.(401) Around was many an ample shed Wherein the holy fire was fed; With sacred grass and skins of deer, Ladles and sacrificial gear, And roots and fruit, and wood to burn, And many a brimming water-urn. Tall trees their hallowed branches spread, Laden with pleasant fruit, o’erhead; And gifts which holy laws require,(402) And solemn offerings burnt with fire,(403) And Veda chants on every side That home of hermits sanctified. There many a flower its odour shed, And lotus blooms the lake o’erspred. There, clad in coats of bark and hide,— Their food by roots and fruit supplied,— Dwelt many an old and reverend sire Bright as the sun or Lord of Fire, All with each worldly sense subdued, A pure and saintly multitude. The Veda chants, the saints who trod The sacred ground and mused on God, Made that delightful grove appear Like Brahmá’s own most glorious sphere. As Raghu’s splendid son surveyed That hermit home and tranquil shade, He loosed his mighty bow-string, then Drew nearer to the holy men. With keen celestial sight endued Those mighty saints the chieftain viewed, With joy to meet the prince they came, And gentle Sítá dear to fame. They looked on virtuous Ráma, fair As Soma(404) in the evening air, And Lakshmaṇ by his brother’s side, And Sítá long in duty tried, And with glad blessings every sage Received them in the hermitage. Then Ráma’s form and stature tall Entranced the wondering eyes of all,— His youthful grace, his strength of limb, And garb that nobly sat on him. To Lakshmaṇ too their looks they raised, And upon Sítá’s beauty gazed With eyes that closed not lest their sight Should miss the vision of delight. Then the pure hermits of the wood, Rejoicing in all creatures’ good, Their guest, the glorious Ráma, led Within a cot with leaves o’erhead. With highest honour all the best Of radiant saints received their guest, With kind observance, as is meet, And gave him water for his feet. To highest pitch of rapture wrought Their stores of roots and fruit they brought. They poured their blessings on his head, And “All we have is thine,” they said. Then, reverent hand to hand applied,(405) Each duty-loving hermit cried: “The king is our protector, bright In fame, maintainer of the right. He bears the awful sword, and hence Deserves an elder’s reverence. One fourth of Indra’s essence, he Preserves his realm from danger free, Hence honoured by the world of right The king enjoys each choice delight. Thou shouldst to us protection give, For in thy realm, dear lord, we live: Whether in town or wood thou be, Thou art our king, thy people we. Our wordly aims are laid aside, Our hearts are tamed and purified. To thee our guardian, we who earn Our only wealth by penance turn.”

Then the pure dwellers in the shade To Raghu’s son due honour paid, And Lakshmaṇ, bringing store of roots, And many a flower, and woodland fruits. And others strove the prince to please With all attentive courtesies.

Canto II. Virádha.

Thus entertained he passed the night, Then, with the morning’s early light, To all the hermits bade adieu And sought his onward way anew. He pierced the mighty forest where Roamed many a deer and pard and bear: Its ruined pools he scarce could see. For creeper rent and prostrate tree, Where shrill cicada’s cries were heard, And plaintive notes of many a bird. Deep in the thickets of the wood With Lakshmaṇ and his spouse he stood, There in the horrid shade he saw A giant passing nature’s law: Vast as some mountain-peak in size, With mighty voice and sunken eyes, Huge, hideous, tall, with monstrous face, Most ghastly of his giant race. A tiger’s hide the Rákshas wore Still reeking with the fat and gore: Huge-faced, like Him who rules the dead, All living things he struck with dread. Three lions, tigers four, ten deer He carried on his iron spear, Two wolves, an elephant’s head beside With mighty tusks which blood-drops dyed. When on the three his fierce eye fell, He charged them with a roar and yell As furious as the grisly King When stricken worlds are perishing. Then with a mighty roar that shook The earth beneath their feet, he took The trembling Sítá to his side. Withdrew a little space, and cried: “Ha, short lived wretches, ye who dare, In hermit dress with matted hair, Armed each with arrows, sword, and bow, Through Daṇḍak’s pathless wood to go: How with one dame, I bid you tell, Can you among ascetics dwell? Who are ye, sinners, who despise The right, in holy men’s disguise? The great Virádha, day by day Through this deep-tangled wood I stray, And ever, armed with trusty steel, I seize a saint to make my meal. This woman young and fair of frame Shall be the conquering giant’s dame: Your blood, ye things of evil life, My lips shall quaff in battle strife.”

He spoke: and Janak’s hapless child, Scared by his speech so fierce and wild, Trembled for terror, as a frail Young plantain shivers in the gale. When Ráma saw Virádha clasp Fair Sítá in his mighty grasp, Thus with pale lips that terror dried The hero to his brother cried: “O see Virádha’s arm enfold My darling in its cursed hold,— The child of Janak best of kings, My spouse whose soul to virtue clings, Sweet princess, with pure glory bright, Nursed in the lap of soft delight. Now falls the blow Kaikeyí meant, Successful in her dark intent: This day her cruel soul will be Triumphant over thee and me. Though Bharat on the throne is set, Her greedy eyes look farther yet: Me from my home she dared expel, Me whom all creatures loved so well. This fatal day at length, I ween, Brings triumph to the younger queen. I see with bitterest grief and shame Another touch the Maithil dame. Not loss of sire and royal power So grieves me as this mournful hour.”

Thus in his anguish cried the chief: Then drowned in tears, o’erwhelmed by grief, Thus Lakshmaṇ in his anger spake, Quick panting like a spell-bound snake: