Part 12

[598] See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 49-52. As examples, he gives the statue of Apollo from the Tiber now in the Museo delle Terme: _Mp._, pp. 50-51, figs. 8 and 9; _cf._ _R. M._, 1891, pp. 302, 377 and Pls. X-XII; the Mantuan _Apollo_: _cf._ _50stes Berliner Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 139, n. 61 (for replicas); etc.

[599] For Polykleitos’ canon, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55; _S. Q._, 953 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 249.

[600] So Pliny, _op. cit._, XXXV, 128; _cf._ J. Six, _Jb._, XXIV, 1909, pp. 7 f.

[601] _H. N._, XXXIV, 61; see Jex-Blake, p. XLVIII.

[602] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[603] However, other fourth-century artists, notably Praxiteles, used impressionism in the treatment of the hair: see Bulle, pp. 444 f.

[604] In XXXIV, 80, he mentions Menaichmos, who wrote on the toreutic art probably in the fourth century B. C.; in XXXIV, 83 (_cf._ XXXV, 68), he mentions Xenokrates, of the school of Lysippos, who wrote books on art; he is probably identical with an artist of the same name known to us from inscriptions from Oropos and Elateia: _I. G. B._, 135, a, b (Oropos), c (Elateia); _Arch. Eph._, 1892, 52 (Oropos); the identity is doubted by Jex-Blake, p. xx, n. 2. In XXXIV, 84 (_cf._ XXXV, 68) he speaks of Antigonos, who wrote on painting and who was employed by Attalos I of Pergamon to work on the trophies of his victory over the Gauls. For Antigonos as a writer on the criticism of art, see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, _Antigonos von Karystos_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, IV, 1881), Ch. I, pp. 7 f.

[605] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. According to the exact words of Pliny, the _Canon_ and the _Doryphoros_ were distinct works. It is probable, however, that Pliny’s words conceal the same statue under two names, his commentary on each coming from a different source: see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 229 and n. 4; _Mw._, p. 422 and n. 2; _cf._ Muenzer, _Hermes_, XXX, 1895, p. 530, n. 1.

[606] Cicero, _Brut._, 86, 296. On the fame of the _Doryphoros_, see _id._, _Orator_, 2.

[607] _Instit. Orat._, V, 12.21. In Philon’s treatise περὶ βελοποιϊκῶν, IV, 2, we read: τὸ γὰρ εὖ παρὰ μικρὸν διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν ἔφη γίνεσθαι, sc. Πολύκλειτος, (“Beauty,” he said, “was produced from a small unit through a long chain of numbers”), a description which rightly characterizes the _Doryphoros_. The system given by Vitruv., III, 1, hardly agrees with Polykleitan statues and so has been connected by Kalkmann, though on insufficient grounds, with the canon of Euphranor: see _50stes Berlin Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Proport. des Gesichts), pp. 43 f.; _cf._ H. Stuart Jones, _op. cit._, p. 129.

[608] _Guida Museo Napoli_, no. 146; Collignon, I, Pl. XII, opp. p. 488; Bulle, 47 and analysis on pp. 97-102.

[609] Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 53, gives the height as 1.98-1.99 m.; Bulle, p. 97 to no. 47, as 1.99 m.

[610] In Rayet, I, Text to Pl. 29; reproduced in _Études d’art antique et moderne_, 1888, pp. 399 f.; _cf._ also Collignon, I, pp. 492 f. and P. Gardner, _Principles of Greek Art_, pp. 21 f.

[611] _De plac. Hipp. et Plat._, 5.

[612] B. B., 321; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 956; _Guide_, 617; F. W., 215; to be discussed _infra_, pp. 201-2.

[613] _Orat._, XXXI, 89 f. (614 R).

[614] In the present discussion we shall confine ourselves to the assimilation of mortal types to those of athletic gods and heroes, omitting the larger question of assimilation to divine types in general. A good example of the latter is afforded by P. VIII, 9.7-8. Here, in noting that the Mantineans worshipped Antinoos as a god by the erection of a temple and the celebration of mysteries and games, he says that images and paintings of the hero were in the Gymnasion there, the latter Διονύσῳ μάλιστα εἰκασμέναι.

[615] Kabbadias, no. 218; _Rev. Arch._, III (1er Sér.), 1846, Pl. 53, fig. 2; Ph. Le Bas, _Voyage archéologique_ (ed. Reinach), Pl. CXVIII, p. 107; B. B., 18; von Mach, 191; F. W., 1220; Reinach., _Rép._, II, i, 149, 10.

[616] _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 49.

[617] Kabbadias, no. 219.

[618] Formerly known as the _Antinous_: M. W., II, Pl. 28, 307; Clarac, IV, Pl. 665, 1514; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 367,2 (with restored arms); von Mach, no. 192; Amelung, _Vat._, II, no. 53 (pp. 132 f.) and Pl. 12; F. W., no. 1218; Baum., I, pp. 675 f. and fig. 737.

[619] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1599 and Pl. IV; Clarac, IV, Pl. 664, 1539; Reinach, _Rép._, II, i, 149, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 317, fig. 567. A corresponding replica from Melos is described by F. W., 1219; for a replica of the head (on a torso which does not belong to it) in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, see Amelung, _Vat._, I, no. 132 (p. 155) and Pl. 21; for others, see Koerte, _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 98 f. The height is given in _B. M. Sculpt._ as 6 ft. 7-1/2 in. (without the plinth).

[620] Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 656 and Pl. 61; Furtw., _Mw._, p. 361, fig. 48. It is a marble copy of an original bronze of Myronian origin. Its height is 1.98 meters (Amelung).

[621] Duetschke, IV, no. 416; M. W., II, Pl. 30, 329.

[622] _Ibid._, no. 416; Koerte, _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 350, no. 72.

[623] Duetschke, IV, no. 876; Clarac, 958, 2473; Conze, in _A. A._, 1867, pp. 105-6. Here Conze gives a list of which three reliefs and one statue represent dead men as Hermes.

[624] Duetschke, IV, no. 46; Conze, _l. c._, p. 106 (mentioned in preceding note).

[625] _E. g._, the well-known bust of the emperor Commodus with the attributes of Hercules in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 930; Baum., I, p. 398, fig. 432; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, 230; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912, Pl. 270 a; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 583, 7.

[626] _Not. Scav._, 1885, p. 42; _Ant. Denkm._, I, I, 1886, Pl. V; Bulle, 75 and fig. 27, p. 141; B. B., 246; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II., 1347, and references; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, Pls. 358-360; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, Pls. 82-4; Collignon, II, p. 493, fig. 257; Murray, _Hbk._ Gr. _Archæol._, 1892, pp. 305 f., fig. 100; Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations of Anc. Rome_, 1897, Pl. on p. 303; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 548, 7; _cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, p. 364, n. 2, and _Mw._, p. 597, n. 3. The height of the statue is 2.08 meters, or 2.37 meters to the hand (Bulle).

[627] _E. g._, Philip V, Perseus, Alexander Balas (who usurped the Seleucid throne in 149 B. C.), Demetrios I (Soter), of Syria (who reigned 162-150 B. C.), and Antiochos II, (Theos, who reigned 261-246 B. C.), have been suggested.

[628] See Imhoof-Blumer, _Portraetkoepfe auf ant. Muenzen hellenischer und hellenisierter Voelker_, 1885, Pls. I, 6; III, 24; V, 21; VI, 29 and 31.

[629] A small replica of this famous statue may probably be seen in the bronze statuette in the Nelidoff collection: Wulff, _Alexander mit der Lanze_, 1898, Pls. I, II; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, p. 134, fig. 35. On supposed replicas, see Bernouilli, _Das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr._, p. 107; and Th. Schreiber, Studien ueber das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr., _Abh. d. philolog.-histor. Cl. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch._, XXI, 1903, no. III, pp. 100 f.

[630] Kabbadias, 235; Collignon, in _B. C. H._, XIII, 1889, p. 498 and Pl. III; Bulle, 74.

[631] _Cf._ the _Farnese Herakles_, Bulle, 72; etc.

[632] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; see below, p. 119 and note 5.

[633] _E. g._, in the _Payne Knight_ bronze of the British Museum (_B. M. Bronz._, no. 209 and Pl. 1) and the _Sciarra_ bronze (Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; _R. M._, II, 1887, Pls. IV, IVa, V), which will be discussed in Ch. III, pp. 108, 119.

[634] He won Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; _Inschr. v. Ol._ 149. _Cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 249 f.; _Mw._, pp. 452 f.

[635] _Mp._, p. 255; an almost exact copy of the Eleusis statue is in the Museo Torlonia, no. 37.

[636] Froehner, _Les medaillons de l’Empire romain_, 1878, p. 123; Furtw., _Mp._, _l. c._

[637] _Mp._, pp. 229 f., especially pp. 233 f.; _Mw._, pp. 422 f., especially pp. 426 f.

[638] On an Argive funerary relief: see _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII: this free adaptation of the _Doryphoros_ dates from the middle of the fourth century B. C.; it will be treated later on in our discussion of the _Doryphoros_.

[639] _Cf._ Ph., 16, (the palæstra of Hermes, the first known); Babr., 48,5 (παλαιστρίτης θεός). A trainer of professional athletes was called a γυμνάστης (a term sometimes applied to athletic gods): Xen., _Mem._, II, 1.20; Plato, _de Leg._, 720 E; etc.

[640] _E. g._, _Suppl._, 189, 333; _Agam._, 513.

[641] As in Iliad, XV, 428; XVI, 500; XXIV, 1. Eustathius in a scholion on the latter passage wrongly says that Aischylos called the ἀγοραῖοι θεοί “ἀγώνιοι θεοί.”

[642] As in Hesychios, who says ἀγώνιοι θεοὶ = οἱ τῶν ἀγώνων προεστῶτες.

[643] 509, ὕπατος χώρας, “lord of Nemea.”

[644] _Ibid._, ὁ Πύθιος ἄναξ.

[645] 515.

[646] _E. g._ Plato, _de Leg._, 783 A; Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 60, _Ol._, VI, 79, and _Pyth._, II, 10 (of Hermes); Soph., _Trach._, 26 (of Zeus, the decider of contests); _C. I. G._, II, 1421 (of Hermes); _cf._ also Simonides, quoted by Athenæus, XI, 90 (p. 490); Aischyl., _fragm._ 384 (of Hermes); Aristoph., _Plut._, 1161 (of Hermes); _C. I. G._, I, 251; etc.

[647] See Preller-Robert, _Griech. Mythol._^4, 1894, p. 415, n. 3.

[648] _Cf._ Krause, pp. 169 f.; Preller-Robert, _op. cit._, pp. 415 f.; Urlichs, _Skopas_, p. 42; Nissen, _Pompej. Stud._, p. 168; Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2369; S. Eitrem, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 786-7.

[649] Pindar, _Nem._, X, 52-3; _Oxy. Pap._, VII, 1015, 8.

[650] _E. g._, at Messene, P., IV, 32.1 (along with that of Theseus).

[651] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2156; _C. I. G._, I, 250, and Neubauer, _Hermes_, XI, 1876, p. 146, no. 12; for the dedication of a torch to Hermes, see _A. G._, VI, 100.

[652] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1225-6; IV, 2, 1225b; 1226, b, c, d.

[653] _Inschr. Gr. Insul._, III (Thera), 390; _cf._ Cougny, _Epigr. Anth. Pal._, III, 1890 (_Appendix nova_), p. 26, no. 168.

[654] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VI, 134, Boeckh, p. 148. He is represented as a wrestler in a bronze group from Antioch, with wings in his hair: R. Foerster, _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 177 f., and Pl. XI (to be discussed _infra._, p. 233 and note 2).

[655] Servius on Virgil’s _Aen._, VIII, 138.

[656] I, 2.5.

[657] V, 14.9 (Ἑρμοῦ ... Ἐναγωνίου).

[658] VIII, 14.10. An inscription (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 184) records that a certain Akestorides of Alexandria Troas (whose name is left out of the text of Pausanias, VI, 13.7) won a victory at Pheneus, and this was probably at these games; on this victor, see Hyde, 119, and pp. 49-50.

[659] V, 7.10.

[660] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 324; _Guide_, 331; B. B., 131; Bulle, 54; von Mach, 126 b; Baum., I, p. 458, fig. 503; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 526,8; Collignon, II. p. 124, fig. 60; Overbeck, I, pp. 380 f. and fig. 102; F. W., no. 465; _A. Z._, XXIV, 1866, Pl. CCIX, 1-2, pp. 169 f. (Kekulé) and Pl. 209, 1, 2; _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 207 f. (Brunn); _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 57 f. and fig. 1 (Habich); _J. H. S._, XXVIII, 1907, p. 25, fig. 13; _A. J. A._, VII, 1903, pp. 445 f. (von Mach); Springer-Michaelis, p. 268, fig. 482; replicas in the Louvre (photo Giraudon, no. 1209), London (_B. M. Sculpt._ III, no. 1753), Duncombe Park, England (Michaelis, p. 295, no. 2), and elsewhere; for series, see J. Six, _Gaz. arch._, 1888, pp. 291 and Pl. 29, fig. 10 A.

[661] _Mw._, p. 122; also Smith, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1753.

[662] First by Visconti, _Mus. Pio Clem._, III, p. 130; lately by G. Habich, _l. c._, and others.

[663] _H. N._, XXXIV, 72; _S. Q._, 826. It was the only bronze work which the sculptor is known to have made, all his other works being in marble.

[664] Kekulé (_l. c._), Furtwaengler (_l. c._), and others make the identification.

[665] Long ago Turnebus (_Advers._, 1580, p. 486) explained the word in the sense of ἔγκρισις ἀθλητῶν, as used by Lucian, _pro Imag._, 11; _cf._, Cicero’s _probatio_, in his _de Off._, I, 144. Most modern commentators, however, refer the word to the statue, translating it “classical” or “chosen”: thus Urlichs, _Chrest. Pl._, 1857, p. 325; O. Jahn, Ueber die Kunsturteile des Plinius (_Ber. saechs. Ges. d. Wiss._, 1850), p. 125; H. L. von Urlichs, _Blaetter f. d. bayr. Gymnasialsch._, 1894, pp. 609 f., translates it “klassisch” or “mustergueltig,” _i. e._, serving as a pattern or standard. But the term was too well known as an athletic one for it ever to have been applied to a statue. The present participle, instead of the usual aorist (ἐγκριθείς), shows that Alkamenes’ statue represented an athlete in the act of undergoing selection. The old emendation into ἐγχριόμενος has been recently defended by Klein, _Praxiteles_, p. 50, who identifies Pliny’s statue with the Glyptothek _Oil-pourer_ (Pl. 11); it is discredited by the occurrence of the epithet _Encrinomenos_ as a Roman proper name, _C. I. L._, V, 1, 4429, which shows how familiar it was. See Jex-Blake, on the passage of Pliny.

[666] _Cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 345; Helbig, _l. c._

[667] It seems to be a Hadrianic copy of an original which stood on the Athenian Akropolis.

[668] Now in the Antiquarium, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 1030; noted in _B. Com. Rom._, XXXVIII, 1910, p. 249, and fully discussed, _ibid._, XXXIX, 1911, pp. 97 f. (L. Mariani), and Pls. VI, VII (three views), and VIII (head, two views).

[669] _H. N._, XXXIV, 80: _Naucydes Mercurio et discobolo et immolante arietem censetur_, etc.

[670] _Ueber den Diskoswurf bei den Griechen_, 1892, p. 55. However, von Mach discusses a r.-f. deinos in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which resembles the pose of the statue: _A. J. A._, VII, 1903, p. 447, fig. 1.

[671] As in a vase by Douris: _A. Z._, 1883, Pl. II; Furtw., _Berliner Vasen_, no. 2283 A; also on a Hellenistic gem in Berlin: Furtw., _Gemmen Katalog_, no. 6911. Philostr., _Imag._, I, 24, says that the left foot was advanced.

[672] Coin of Amastris: Schlosser, _Numism. Zeitschr._ (Vienna), XXIII, 1891, p. 19, Pl. 2, no. 35; a better reproduction by Imhoof-Blumer, in Sallet’s _Zeitschr. f. Numism._, XX, 1897, p. 269, Pl. 10, n. 2 (= Habich, p. 58, fig. 2); another in _B. M. Coins_ (Pontus), Pl. XX, 7, pp. 87 and 21. On this and the Thracian coin, see also Habich, Hermes Diskobolos auf Muenzen, in _Journ. internat. d’arch, num._, II, 1898, pp. 137 f. Habich gives a gem showing the god with a kerykeion in the left hand, and a diskos in the right and with the right foot advanced: p. 61, fig. 3.

[673] _E. g._, Michaelis, _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 175-6. He looks upon the statue simply as that of a diskobolos.

[674] In the National Museum, Athens, no. 13399: Staïs, _Marb. et Bronz._, pp. 353-354 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Pl. 17; Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 42-3; Tafelbd., I, Pl. VIII, no. 1; _J. H. S._, XXI, 1901, p. 351 (Bosanquet). This statuette is 0.25 meter in height and the base 0.09 meter (Svoronos).

[675] Svoronos, p. 43, reproduces the coins of Amastris and Philippopolis.

[676] Stuart Jones, _Cat. Mus. Capitol._, p. 288, no. 21 and Pl. 71; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 858; _Guide_, 509; B. B., 387; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 303 and n. 7; _Mw._, p. 525 and n. 1; Clarac, II, 859, 2170; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 1; Lange, _Motiv des aufgestuetzten Fusses_, 1879, pp. 13 f. Helbig speaks of a replica in Paris, but confounds it with the type of the so-called _Sandal-binder_ of the Louvre (Fig. 8). The Capitoline statue is 1.845 meters in height (Stuart Jones).

[677] The motive of the “aufgestuetztes Bein” is more likely Lysippan than Skopaic, as Furtwaengler wrongly assumed.

[678] Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 18 f. (with bibliography of all the objects down to 1903, on p. 15, n. 1.); Tafelbd., I, Pls. I and II (front and back); Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 302-304 and fig.; Bulle, 61; von Mach, 290; _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, Pls. VIII (head), IX (body, three views); H. B. Walters, _Art of the Greeks_, Pl. XVI; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXVIII; for bibliographical notice and discussion, see _A. J. A._, V, 1901, p. 465, and VII, 1903, pp. 464-5; Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 531; the best account of the statue in English is by Dr. A. S. Cooley, in _Record of the Past_, II, 1903, pp. 207-13 (with two illustrations). It is 1.94 meters in height, _i. e._, slightly over life-size (Svoronos).

[679] _J. H. S._, XXI, 1901, pp. 205 f; he also briefly described all the bronzes found in _A. A._, 1901, pp. 17-19, (4 figs.), in _Rev. des Ét. gr._, XIV, 1901, pp. 122-6 (5 figs.), and in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1901, pp. 58-63 (3 figs.) and 158-9 (3 Pls.). All the bronzes were published after cleansing in _Arch. Eph._, 1902, pp. 145 f., with Pls. 7-17 and figs. 1-18 in the text; see also Staïs, _Les trouvailles dans la mer de Cythère_, 1905; the last publication of all the pieces is by Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 1-86; Tafelbd., I, Pls. I-XX.

[680] In his popular discussion of the bronzes in _Monthly Review_, June, 1901, pp. 110-127 (with 5 Pls., and 5 figs.). Similar praise is that of W. Klein, II, p. 403; he calls it _die wundervollste aller uns erhaltenen Bronzestatuen des Altertums_.

[681] _London Illustrated News_, June 6, 1903 (with double-page plate).

[682] _Gaz. d. B.-A._, XXV, Pér. III, 1901, pp. 295-301 (with 3 figures).

[683] In a monograph entitled Ὁ Ἔφηβος τῶν Ἀντικυθήρων (pp. 1-42, and 6 figs.), Athens, 1903.

[684] It was restored by the French sculptor André, who covered it with putty to conceal the jointures and the rivets which were used in welding the fragments together. He also colored it to resemble bronze. The method used in the restoration is certainly open to objection, but not to the extent asserted by certain scholars, _e. g._, by von Mach, who asserts that no Greek statue has received such unworthy treatment, and that the restoration makes it possible to refer the statue to almost any age or admixture of influences: _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, p. 326. Much of the beauty of the statue, to be sure, is gone, but the style is not obscured. It has been restored too full, which gives it a sensuous appearance. For the statue, before restoration, see Svoronos, Textbd., p. 18, fig. 2; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, fig. on p. 304.

[685] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 152 f.; _cf._ _Sculpt._, pp. 244 f.; _Hbk._, pp. 532 f. In Chap. VI of the present work we shall follow the view which ascribes the _Herakles_ to Lysippos: _infra_, pp. 298, 311. The Praxitelean and Lysippan influences in the bronze under discussion are noted by Richardson, p. 276.

[686] _Ibid._, pp. 217 f.

[687] For the former, see Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 249; von Mach, 327; Reinach, I, 452, 2. On the hem of the cloak is an Etruscan dedicatory inscription to one Metilius by his wife, containing the name of Tenine Tuthines as the bronze-caster: see Corssen, _Sprache d. Etrusker_, I, pp. 712 f. (quoted by von Mach). For the latter, see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 5; _Guide_, 5; _Mon. d. I._, VI and VII, 1857-63, Pl. 84, 1; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 432 f. (Koehler); Rayet, II, Pl. 71; B. B., 225; Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, II, i, pp. 24 f., fig. 2; etc.

[688] Text on pp. 115 f.; Klein, _op. cit._, pp. 403 f., believes that the enigma of its interpretation remains unsolved. He looks upon it as, perhaps, a pre-Lysippan work, a sort of _Vorstufe_ to the _Apoxyomenos_.

[689] _Cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 534.

[690] On this gesture, see von Mach, _op. cit._, pp. 325-6.

[691] Textbd., I, figs. 13-14, pp. 26-7. For the gem, see _ibid._, fig. 3, p. 22; Reinach, _Pierres gravées_, Pl. 56, 34.

[692] _H. N._, XXXIV, 77. So Miss Bieber, _Jb._, XXV, 1910, pp. 159 f., following the suggestion of Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, ed. I, 1907, pp. 254 f. (view reiterated in ed. 2, 1910, p. 304), and Loeschke. Pliny says that the statue of Euphranor displayed every phase of Paris’ character, in the triple aspect of judge of the goddesses, lover of Helen, and slayer of Achilles. On this statue, of which we know so little, _cf._ the very different results reached by Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 357 f.; _Mw._, pp. 591-2) and Robert (_Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr._, XIX, 1895, pp. 20 f.). Edw. Vicars, in the _Pall Mall Magazine_, XIX, 1903, pp. 551 f., followed by Dr. Cooley, believes that the bronze should be restored as Paris holding the apple of discord in the right hand.

[693] _Suppl. de la Gaz. d. B.-A._, 1901, pp. 68 f., and 76 f.

[694] VI, 100 f.; VIII, 372 f.; in the latter connection it is an adjunct to the dance.

[695] Athenæus, I, 44 (p. 24 b), quotes the Pergamene Karystios (= _F. H. G._, IV, p. 359, fragm. 14) as saying that the women of Kerkyra played ball in his time. For Rome, _cf._ Hor., _Sat._, II, 2.11; Suetonius, _Octav._, 83; Pliny, _Ep._, III, 1.8; Seneca, _de Brev. vit._, 13; etc. On ball-playing, see Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, 1864, pp. 84 f.; L. Becq de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_,^2 1873, Ch. IX, pp. 176-199.

[696] Athen., I, 25 (p. 14 d, e).

[697] Athen., I, 25-26 (pp. 14 f, 15 a).

[698] In his περὶ τοῦ διὰ σμικρᾶς σφαίρας γυμνασίου. _Cf._ Sidon. Apoll., V, 17; Martial, IV, 19; etc.

[699] Athen., I, 34 (p. 19 a).

[700] Athen., I, 26 (p. 15); _cf._, Eustath., on Od., VI, 115, p. 1553; only the Milesians were opposed to it: _id._, on Od., VIII, 372, p. 1601.

[701] Theophr., _Char._, V, 9; Pliny, _Ep._, II, 17.12 and V, 6.27; Suetonius, _Vit. Vespas._, 20; etc.

[702] _B. S. A._, X, 1903-4, pp. 63 f; _cf._, XII, 1905-6, p. 387.

[703] The σφαιρεῖς are mentioned in _C. I. G._, I, 4, 1386, 1432; P., III, 14.6, mentions a statue of Herakles there, to which these youths sacrificed. Mueller, _Die Dorier_, 4, 5, §2, classed these competitions as a sort of football.

[704] _Rev. des Ét. gr._, XIV, 1901, pp. 445-8.

[705] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1299; B. B., 413; Bulle, 44; Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, III, text to no. 1127; F. W., text to 1630; Rayet, II, text to Pl. 70, fig. on p. 5; Kekulé, _Die griech. Skulpt._,^2 fig. on p. 349 (the _Germanicus_ on p. 348; _cf._ Bulle, p. 94, fig. 17); Loewy, _Griech. Plastik_, Pl. 94, fig. 176 a, p. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, II, p. 446, and _cf._ 456, n. 4; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 270-271. A fine herma-replica of the head is at Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 219, no. 9; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 58, fig. 13 (three views). A poorer copy is in the Uffizi, Florence: Duetschke, III, no. 13; Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, 83-84.

[706] Graef, _Aus der Anomia_, 1890, p. 69. Bulle finds the head similar to that of the _Lemnian Athena_ and the body to that of the _Farnese Anadoumenos_ of the British Museum (= Bulle, no. 49). Furtwaengler thinks that its relation to the _Lemnia_ is not close enough to warrant us in assigning it to Pheidias: _Mp._, p. 57; _Mw._, pp. 86 and 742. On the basis of a Phokaian coin (Berlin example, _Mp._, Pl. VI, 19; copy in British Museum, _B. M. Coins_, Ionia, IV, 23), which represents a similar Hermes, he ascribes the statue to an Ionian artist and conjectures Telephanes mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 68.

[707] Helbig finds the head Myronian, but the body unconnected with any of the well-known artistic tendencies of his day.

[708] As shown in the _Germanicus_ copy; the right arm is wrongly restored in the Ludovisi statue. In the _Germanicus_ the arm is bowed more at the elbow, the hand reaching the level of the temples.

[709] Froehner, pp. 213 f., no. 184 (and bibliography); F. W., 1630; Rayet, II, Pls. 69 (statue), 70 (head); etc.

[710] _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, Pl. VI and pp. 215-16 (Caskey); _Jb._, XXIV, 1909, Pls. I and II (from Munich cast), pp. 1 f. (Sieveking). For the _Hermes_ of the Boboli gardens, see _ibid._, figs. 1 and 3, pp. 2 and 4; Arndt-Amelung., _Einzelauf._, 103-105; Duetschke, II, no. 84; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 230, _Mw._, p. 424. Another replica is in the Hermitage: Kieseritzky, _Kat._, no. 179; Sieveking, figs. 4-5, p. 5; _Mp._, p. 290, _Mw._, 506; another in the Torlonia Museum in Rome, no. [475] Sieveking, fig. 6, p. 5.

[711] _Gaz. d. B.-A._, 1911, p. 251.

[712] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 230 and _cf._ p. 290; _Mw._, p. 424 and _cf._ p. 506.

[713] See the _Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts_, 1898, p. 20. Mahler, _Polyklet u. seine Schule_, p. 27, no. 34, wrongly thought that it was a replica of the _Doryphoros_.

[714] Froehner, no. 183, pp. 210 f. (bibliography on pp. 212-13; later bibliogr. in Klein, _Praxitel. Stud._, 1899, p. 4, n. 2); B. B., no. 67; von Mach, 238 b; Clarac, Pl. 309, no. 2046. Replica in Munich (with a head of Apollo not belonging to the torso): Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, 1910, 287 (with list of replicas); von Mach, 238a; Clarac, V, 814, 2048; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 7; Klein, pp. 4 f.; one in London, in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, pp. 464f., no. 85 and Pl. opp. p. 464; Clarac, V, 814, 2048 A; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 6; one in the Vatican: Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 5; head and torso in Athens: _ibid._, II, i, 153, 10; _A. M._, XI, 1886, Pl. IX (middle), pp. 362 f. (Studniczka); head in Copenhagen, formerly in the Borghese Coll., Rome: P. Arndt, _Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, 1912, Pls. 128, 129, and text pp. 177 f., (fig. 95 = bronze restoration for the municipal Museum in Stettin, combining the Lansdowne body and the Fagan head in the British Museum; for the Fagan head see _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 1785).

[715] See von Mach, 170; R. Kekulé, _Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der Athena Nike_, with Pls. 1-6.

[716] From the _Ekphrasis_ of Christodoros, _A. G._, II, _vv._ 297-302. It was first shown to be a statue of Hermes by Lambeck, _de Mercurii statua_, Thorn, 1860.

[717] Pick, _Die antiken Muenzen Nordgriechenlands_, I, Pl. XVI, 25; _cf._ Froehner, p. 211.

[718] Duetschke, IV, no. 151; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XVI, pp. 239 f. (Wace).

[719] _E. g._, _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 1200, 1202, 1207; for a herm in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, after a fourth-century B. C. type, see Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 84, no. 65 and Pl. X.

[720] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1600 and Pi. III; _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 54, and Pl. 5, and fig. 1 (Wolters); Kalkmann, Proport. d. Gesichts, pp. 41 and 98; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XVIII. opp. p. 346; for a full discussion of this head, see the note by translator in _Mp._, pp. 346-7. The head is 11-1/2 inches high (_B. M. Sculpt._).

[721] Nissen, _Pompej. Stud._, p. 166.

[722] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.

[723] _E. g._, one in Paris, in the Cab. des Médailles, no. 3350; Clarac, 666 D, 1512 F.

[724] _E. g._, E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz-und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. 10, 4; a bronze _Mercury_ in Paris, in the Cab. des Méd., Coll. Oppermann (0.20 m. tall): Furtw., _Mp._, p. 233, fig. 94, and _Mw._, p. 428, fig. 64; bronze statuette of Mercury in the British Museum with chlamys over the left shoulder: _Mp._, p. 232, fig. 93; _Mw._, p. 427, fig. 63.

[725] _Mp._, p. 231, n. 3.

[726] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 1217.

[727] _Mp._, pp. 288 f.; _Mw._, pp. 502 f.

[728] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 165 (renewed); base pictured, _Mp._, p. 288, fig. 123; _Mw._, p. 503; fig. 90. Furtwaengler had ascribed the statue of Aristion to the younger Polykleitos; this was disproved by the date of Aristion’s victory, Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.), given by the _Oxy. Pap._

[729] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac, V, 946, 2436 A; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 289, fig. 124; _Mw._, p. 504, fig. 91.

[730] XXIII, 660; _cf._ Od., XIX, 86: “By Apollo’s grace he hath so goodly a son”—meaning that Apollo gave increase of physical strength to men, just as Artemis did to women. _Cf._ Hesiod, _Theog._, 346-7.

[731] V, 7.10.

[732] _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4 (= p. 724 C, D.); here he also mentions a Gymnasion of Apollo at Athens.

[733] Told by many writers: _e. g._, Apollod., II, 6.2.

[734] P., X, 13.7, describes a group at Delphi representing Apollo and Hermes grasping the tripod before the fight; in VIII, 37.1 he mentions the same subject on a marble relief at Lykosoura, and in III, 21.8 says that Gythion was founded by the two after the contest, and that their images stood in the agora there. The subject was represented in the gable of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi: Frazer, V, p. 274 (in connection with P., X, 11.2). Stephani enumerated 89 existing works of art which represent this subject, of which 58 appear on black-figured, 18 on red-figured vases, 8 on marble reliefs, 3 on terra-cottas, and 2 on gems: _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1868, pp. 31 f.; Overbeck has added to the list: _Griech. Mythol._, III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 391-415.

[735] The _Choiseul-Gouffier_ statue: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 209; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. III; _Specimens_, II, Pl. V; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. 32; F. W., no. 221; _J. H. S._, I, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 178 f., and _cf._, II, 1882, pp. 332 f. (Waldstein); von Mach, Pl. 67; Collignon, I, p. 403, fig. 208; Clarac, III, 482, 931 H, and p. 213: Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 10; Conze, _Beitr. zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, 1869, Pl. VI; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 429. The height of the statue is 5 feet, 10.5 inches (_B. M. Sculpt._). The _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_: Kabbadias, 45; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 23-24 and fig.; _J. H. S._, I, Pl. V, fig. 3; Collignon, I, p. 405, fig. 209; B. B., 42; von Mach, 66; F. W., 219; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 7; Conze, _op. cit._, Pls. III-V, and text, pp. 13 f.; Murray, I, Pl. VIII, opp. p. 234 (both statues); torso in Munich, Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelauf._, nos. 849-50; for list of other copies, see _A. M._, IX, 1884, pp. 239-40.

[736] _Cf._ _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 209 (A. H. Smith).

[737] See Waldstein, p. 180; F. W., no. 219; _A. M._, IX, 1884, p. 248.

[738] Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 9; M. D., I, p. 47, no. 179; _cf._ F. W., 219. Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III. _Apollon_, p. 162, fig. 9.

[739] _A. M._, I, 1876, Pl. X, and pp. 178 f. (Kekulé); Bulle, 105 (Left) and p. 208, fig. 47.

[740] Published in _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 278-80 (Dickins); here, on p. 279, we have the fragment photographed with the lower parts of the _Choiseul-Gouffier_ and _Omphalos_ copies on either side; Dickins says that with the possible exception of the Athens statue this fragment shows the best workmanship of all the copies. Helbig, _Fuehrer_, no. 1268.

[741] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 211; it shows the _krobylos_ best.

[742] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 210.

[743] Braun, _Vorschule d. Kunstmythol._, Pl. V, (quoted by A. H. Smith).

[744] _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. 54; discussed in _Annali_, L, 1878, pp. 61 f. (Brizio).

[745] _Cf._ Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 859; Beulé, _Monnaies d’Athênes_, p. 271, quoted in _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 235, n. 54.

[746] _Jb._, II, pp. 234 f.; on p. 234, the Athens statue and the figure from the Bologna krater are shown side by side.

[747] _Fuehrer_, under no. 859 (the Capitoline replica), and especially under no. 1268.

[748] _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, p. 19.

[749] Roscher, _Lex._, I, p. 456.

[750] _A. M._, IX, 1884, p. 244.

[751] Mentioned by P., I, 3.4; this view has been upheld by Conze, _l.c._; Murray, I, p. 235; _cf._ Furtw., _l. c._, and on the artist, see his article in _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, pp. 160 f.

[752] _S. Q._, nos. 508-526.

[753] Furtw., _l. c._; the coin in the British Museum is pictured in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 205, fig. 2. Conze’s theory of identifying the type with the _Alexikakos_ has been questioned among others also by Overbeck: I, n. 226, to pp. 280 (on p. 301).

[754] Dionys. Halic., _de Isocrate Judicium_, III, p. 542 (ed. Reiske); _S. Q._, 531.

[755] _Op. cit._, especially p. 182.

[756] P., VI, 6.6. He won in the early fifth century, in Ols. 74, 76, 77 (= 484, 476, 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[757] F. W., nos. 219 and 221. Clarac, Text, Vol. III, p. 213, leaves it in doubt whether it be Apollo or an athlete; however, he calls the Capitoline copy an athlete.

[758] Published by Miss K. A. McDowall, _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 203-7 and fig. 1.

[759] The untrustworthy character of the Torlonia copy has been shown by Overbeck, _Kunstmythologie_, III, _Apollon_, pp. 109 and 162. The Roman copy in the Capitoline is also inferior, and the legs are wrongly restored—for at that period in art there was little difference between the free and the rest leg; see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, no. 859; Stuart Jones, _Cat. Mus. Capit._, p. 287, no. 20 and Pl. 69; Conze, _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, Pl. VII; Clarac, 862, 2189; head in Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, Serie II, 452-4, p. 35.

[760] Waldstein ascribed the original to Pythagoras, partly because this artist was famed for the detail of veins, sinews, and hair: see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[761] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 223 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVII, 3-5. The original height was 2.60 meters.

[762] _Strena Helbigiana_, 1900, p. 293; discussed also by Miss McDowall (_l. c._ and fig. 3, p. 206); a poor replica is in Munich: Furtw., _Mw._, p. 115, and fig. 21.

[763] _B. M. Coins, Troas_, etc., Pl. XXXII, 1; McDowall, _l. c._, fig. 4, p. 207.

[764] Bulle, 50, who gives the height 1.86 meters; von Mach, 115; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 9; other references _infra_, on p. 152, n. 5.

[765] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, VIII, 1905, pp. 42 f.; IX, 1906, pp. 279 f.; _cf._, Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, pp. 105-6, n. 1 (Engl. ed., p. 120).

[766] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 100 f. He thinks that the original may have been identical with the statue of Ἀπόλλων ἀναδούμενος standing before the temple of Ares at Athens, P., I, 8.4, and that the παῖς ἀναδούμενος of Pheidias at Olympia, P. VI, 4.5, also may have been an Apollo. He also interprets the figure of a charioteer entering a chariot on an Attic relief (Fig. 63), to be discussed later, as an Apollo: _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f. For the relief, see B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; F. W., no. 97; _infra_, pp. 269 f.

[767] _Cf._, Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 18 (_Achilleae_). On these “Achillean” statues (a generic name for statues of athletes leaning on their spears, from Achilles, the typical hero of ephebes), see Furtwaengler, _Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., IX, 1877, p. 47, n. 11.

[768] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, VIII, 1905, pp. 269 f. Miss McDowall, in the article already cited, p. 204, has also argued that there is no necessary connection between the quiver slung over the tree-support and Apollo.

[769] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; Loewy, _op. cit._, X, 1907, pp. 326 f. Studniczka, _ibid._, IX, 1906, pp. 311 f., discusses the base and believes that the pose of the statue of Pythokles was the same as that of the _Borghese Ares_ of the Louvre (von Mach, 125; F. W., 1298; Reinach, _Rép._ I, 133, 1-3; etc.), the weight on the left foot, _i. e._, essentially different from the Polykleitan pose.

[770] _R. M._, XXVII, 1912, p. 37.

[771] Duetschke, IV, no. 52 (= wrongly female); _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XV (three views), and pp. 235 f. (Wace).

[772] _Mp._, p. 247; _Mw._, pp. 448-449; he assigns it to the third quarter of the fifth century B. C.

[773] Amelung, _Rev. arch._, II, 1904, p. 344.1; Wace, _l. c._, p. 237.

[774] Both Schreiber, _A. M._, VIII, 1883, pp. 246 f., and Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 255 f., have shown that the hair arranged in the double plait, whether the κρωβύλος or not, is Attic, and that similarly the mass of locks over the ears is common in Attic works.

[775] P., V, 7.9. In V, 7.7, the Idæan Herakles is said to have first crowned his brother as victor there; _cf._ V, 8.3-4. We have already (p. 10) spoken of the difference of opinion as to whether it was the Cretan (Idæan) Herakles, or the more famous son of Zeus and Alkmena, who founded the games. On the traditional connection of the hero with Olympia, see E. Curtius, _Sitzb. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, _Gr. Gesch._,^2 I, pp. 240 f.; Krause, _Olympia_, pp. 26 f.

[776] With the river-god Acheloos, III, 18.16 (the contest pictured in relief on the throne of Apollo at Amyklai; _cf._ the same scene represented by the cedar-wood figures inlaid with gold on the treasury of the Megarians at Olympia, VI, 19, 12); with Antaios, IX, 11.6 (pictured in the sculptures of the gable of the Herakleion at Thebes); with Eryx, III, 16.4 and IV, 36.4.

[777] P., V, 8.4.

[778] P., V, 21.9; he won in Ol. 178 (= 68 B. C.): Foerster, 570-1.

[779] V, 21.10.

[780] These victors were Kapros of Elis, who won in Ol. 124 (= 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; he had two statues, the remains of which may have been recovered: see _Bronzen v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. II, III; Aristomenes of Rhodes, who won in Ol. 156 (= 156 B. C.): Foerster, 505-6; Protophanes of Magnesia ad Maiandrum (ad Lethaeum in P., _l. c._), who won in Ol. 172 (= 92 B. C.): Foerster, 538-9; Marion of Alexandria, who won in Ol. 182 (= 52 B. C.): Foerster, 579-80; Aristeas of Stratonikeia, who won in Ol. 198 (= 13 A. D.): Foerster, 609-10; Nikostratos of Aigeai in Kilikia, who won in Ol. 204 (= 37 A. D.): Foerster, 621-2.

[781] Two men entered later, but were disqualified: Sokrates, who won in wrestling (?) in Ol. 232 (= 149 A. D.): Foerster, 704; and Aurelios Ailix, or Helix, of Phœnicia, who won the pankration in Ol. 250 (= 221 A. D.): Foerster, 734. See Dio Cassius, LXXIX, 10; Philostr., _Heroicus_, III, 13 (p. 147, ed. Kayser); _cf._ Ph., 46 and note by Juethner, _ad loc._ Ailix won in both events on the same day at the Capitoline games in Rome, which no one had done before: Foerster, _l. c._ Frazer, III, p. 625.

[782] Such victors were numbered in two ways; some authorities in the way mentioned above, _e. g._, Dio Cassius, _l. c._; others numbered them δεύτερος, τρίτος, κ. τ. λ., _e. g._, Africanus; _cf._ Rutgers, pp. 73 f. and n. 1, and p. 97 and n. 2.

[783] See F. Kindscher, Die herakleischen Doppelsieger zu Olympia, _Jahn’s Archiv f. Phil. u. Paedag._, II, 1845, pp. 392-411.

[784] P., IV, 32.1 (statues of the three in the Gymnasion at Messene). He mentions, IX, 11.7, a Gymnasion and Stadion of the hero near the Herakleion in Thebes.

[785] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 455-6.

[786] On the difficulty of distinguishing statues of victors from those of Herakles, see also Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Text, p. 138, to Pl. 94.

[787] P., VI, 2.1.

[788] Ch. VI, pp. 293 f., especially pp. 298-299.

[789] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. 117 (three views). It was formerly in the Tyszkiewicz collection.

[790] See Arndt, _l. c._ Furtwaengler believed the head Praxitelean: see Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2166 ll. 61 f. S. Reinach saw in it a _mélange_ of Skopaic and Praxitelean elements: _Gaz. d. B.-A._, 3, Pér., XVI, 1896, II, p. 332 and fig. on p. 328; _Têtes_, Pl. 176, p. 139; he is followed by Arndt.

[791] _Antichita di Ercolano, Bronzi_, I, Pls. 49 and 50; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. VII, 3, p. 261, 4; Rayet, II, Pl. 66; B. B., no. 364; F. W., 1302. Similarly, the bronze head of a youth in Naples, with a rolled fillet, may be from the statue of a victor or of the hero: Invent., 5594; B. B., 365.

[792] For the Naples replica, see Comparetti e de Petra, _Villa Ercolan._, Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., _Mp._ p. 234, fig. 95; _Mw._, p. 430, fig. 65; poorer copy in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican (no. 139): Helbig, _Guide_, 69; B. B., 338; another in Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 220, no. 10; _Mp._, p. 235, fig. 96; _Mw._, p. 431, fig. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan _Herakles: R. M._, IV, 1889, p. 215. He is followed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 23.

[793] Amelung., _Vat._, I, p. 738, no. 636 and Pl. 79; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 108; _Guide_, 113; B. B., no. 609; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 341, fig. 146 (head, on p. 342, fig. 147); _Mw._, p. 575, fig. 109 (head, on p. 577, fig. 110). The group is 2.12 meters high (Amelung.).

[794] Helbig, _Guide_, no. 242.

[795] Helbig, _ibid._, no. 470; _R. M._, IV, 1889, p. 197, no. 12 (Skopaic).

[796] It was found in Genzano: _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1731 and Pl. V, fig. 2; height, 1 foot, 4-7/8 inches; for references, see _infra_, p. 169, n. 8.

[797] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1732; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 57; _Museum Marbles_, III, Pl. 12. A similar head, half portrait and half ideal, appears on coins of Macedonia. Such filleted heads as nos. 1733 and 1740 of _B. M. Sculpt._ are probably from statues of Herakles. The statuette of a seated Herakles, _ibid._, no. 1726, with the lion-skin and wearing a laurel wreath tied on with a fillet (= Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, p. 227, no. 3; _J. H. S._, III, 1882, Pl. XXV.) and inscribed as the work of Diogenes (_I. G. B._, 361), recalls the description of the pose of the _Hermes Epitrapezios_ made by Lysippos for Alexander: Statius, _Silv._, IV, 6; _cf._ Martial, IX, 44.

[798] _B. M. Bronz._, nos. 1254, 1276, 1292, etc.

[799] _B. M. Bronz._, Pl. II (upper right-hand); text, no. 212.

[800] Friedrichs, _Kleinere Kunst_, 1850; mentioned by Furtw., _Mw._, p. 525, n. 2.

[801] III, nos. 9 and 19; no. 19 has swollen ears.

[802] See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 234 and 236; _Mw._, pp. 429 and 433. He gives as an example the Polykleitan ephebe head-type discussed _supra_, p. 95.

[803] P., V, 8.4.

[804] P., V, 15.5.

[805] P., III, 14.7 (ἀφετήριοι).

[806] P., II, 34.10.

[807] Iliad, III, 237 (= Od., XI, 300); Homeric Hymn to the Dioskouroi, XXXIII, 3; Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 16 f.; _Pyth._, V. 9; etc. Kastor was famed also for throwing the quoit: Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 25.

[808] Iliad and Od., _ll. cc._; Simonides, frag. 8 (_P. l. G._, III, p. 390); Apoll. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 1 f.

[809] Apoll. Rhod., _op. cit._, I, 146; Theokr., XXII, 2-3 and 34; Pindar, _Pyth._, XI, 61-2; _Nem._, X, 49-50; _Isthm._, V, 32-3; etc.; various Roman poets: see Bethe, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, I, pp. 1092-4.

[810] _R. M._, XV, 1900, 1 f. (with illustrations).

[811] _I. G. A._, 37.

[812] _B. M. Bronz._, no. 3207; _C. I. G. G. S._, III, 1, 649; _Rev. arch._, Sér. 3, XVIII, 1891, Pl. 18, and pp. 45 f. (Froehner); _Wochenschr. f. kl. Phil._, VIII, 1891, p. 859; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor.

[813] _I. G. A._, 43 a (p. 173).

[814] Duetschke, IV, no. 534. Another relief fragment in the Uffizi shows the upper part of the two with horses, each wearing the chlamys and pilleus and carrying spears: Duetschke, III, 446.

[815] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 780; _Museum Marbles_, II, Pl. 11; _cf._ a similar relief, no. 781. The relief _ibid._, III, no. 2206, supposedly representing Kastor, has been pronounced a modern forgery by Treu: see F. W., 1006.

[816] Ch. I, pp. 27 f. and 37 f.

[817] This is the usual division of victor monuments: Scherer, pp. 21 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler griech. und roem. Skulptur_, Handausgabe^3, 1911, pp. 104 f. (translation by H. Taylor, 1914, pp. 120 f.) Reisch, p. 40, divides _Siegerbilder in Motiven von allgemeiner Geltung und Bilder in Motiven, die der speciellen Veranlassung der Weihung entlehnt sind_—a division practically amounting to that of rest and motion statues, as we shall see.

[818] Discussed _infra_ in Ch. VII, pp. 334 f.

[819] VIII, 40.1.

[820] See _infra_, Ch. VII, pp. 327-8.

[821] We know of one case, at least, where an “Apollo” (draped) was transferred to a relief—on a column drum of the old Artemision in Ephesos, now in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, X, 1889, Pl. III, pp. 4 f., and figs. 4a, 5 (Murray); Overbeck, I, p. 106, fig. 9; Richardson, p. 53, fig. 16. According to Herodotos, I, 92, most of these columns were the gifts of Crœsus, who reigned 560-546 B. C. On the whole series of “Apollos,” see W. Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, 1909; _cf._ F. W., text to no. 14, pp. 9 f; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, pp. 82-3, with references; etc.

[822] See Richardson, pp. 39 f.

[823] Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 11-12 and fig.; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, Pl. V (two views) and pp. 98 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 117, fig. 58; Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 161, no. 35; Richardson, p. 44, fig. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” are to be found. The sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios on Mount Ptoion, Bœotia, is mentioned by P., IX, 23.6, Hdt., VIII, 135, and other writers.

[824] In Athens: Kabbadias, no. 8; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 10; Deonna, p. 227, no. 129; _A. M._, III, 1878, Pl. VIII; Collignon, I, p. 132, fig. 66; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 131, fig. 16; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 5; B. B., no. 77C; von Mach, 12; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 10; F. W., 14; Springer-Michaelis, p. 172, fig. 336; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 319, fig. 133.

[825] Kabbadias, no. 9; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 9-10 (1.27 m. high); _Annali_, XXXIII, 1861, pp. 79 f. and Pl. E; Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 148, no. 26; _B. C. H._, V, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 319 f.; Collignon, I, p. 114, fig. 56; Overbeck, I, fig. 14; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 166, fig. 29; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 8; B. B., 77A; von Mach, 11 b; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 509, fig. 260; F. W., 43; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 11.

[826] Kabbadias, no. 10; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 8 (1.30 meters high); Deonna, p. 153, no. 28; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, Pl. IV, and p. 66 (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 196, fig. 92; von Mach, 15a (left); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 168, fig. 30; B. B., 12 (left); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 7. In another found at Mount Ptoion in 1903, the left arm is almost entirely broken away: _B. C. H._, XXXI, 1907, Pl. XX.

[827] Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 10, no. 1558; Deonna, p. 217, no. 114, _B. C. H._, XVI, 1892, Pl. XVI (two views) and pp. 560 f. (Holleaux); von Mach, no. 13; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 321, fig. 134; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 132, fig. 17; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 6; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 1.

[828] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschreib. d. Glypt._,^2 pp. 49 f., no. 47; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 158, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 87, fig. 7; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 7; B. B., no. I; Bulle, 37 (right); von Mach, 14; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. I, pp. 3 f; _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1847, Pl. XLIV; Baum., I, fig. 340; Collignon, I, p. 202, fig. 96; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 338; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 401, figs. 187, 188; F. W., 49; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 2. It is 1.53 meters high (Bulle).

[829] Left: torso found in 1885: _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, Pl. VIII, and pp. 185 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 198, fig. 49; Richardson, p. 41, fig. 9 (without the head); head found in 1903: _B. C. H._, XXXI, 1907, Pls. XVII-XVIII; entire figure, _ibid._, Pl. XIX; text, pp. 187 f. (Mendel); Kabbadias, 12; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 9 and fig.; Deonna, p. 156, no. 30. Right: Staïs, pp. 12-13, no. 20; Deonna, no. 35; Collignon, I, p. 315 and fig. 157 (two views); _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, Pls. XIII and XIV, and pp. 275 f., and X, 1886, fig. VI (without head) and pp. 269 f.; von Mach, 15b (right); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 169, fig. 31; Richardson, p. 42, fig. 10 (two views); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 77, 4 (without head); _cf._ II, 1, 18, 4 and 5.

[830] See Holleaux, _B. C. H._, XI, p. 186, n. 1. Richardson, p. 41, wrongly thought that they were of marble, explaining the preservation of the arms by their presence; the arms, however, were formerly broken off and have since been readjusted to the statue.

[831] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 206; _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XLI; _Annali_, XLIV, 1872, pp. 181 f.; B. B., 51; von Mach, 16; Overbeck, I, p. 237, fig. 61; F. W., 89; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 81, 6. It is 3 feet 4 inches in height.

[832] See Holleaux, _B. C. H._, X, 1886, p. 271; XI, p. 186; and _cf._ Vischer, _Kleine Schriften_, II. pp. 302 f.

[833] B. B., no. 76.

[834] See Holleaux, in _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, p. 178.

[835] From the inscription on its thigh.

[836] In the Athens Museum; it dates from the middle of the sixth century B. C.: Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 11, no. 1906 and fig. (1.78 m. high); Deonna, p. 133, no. 5; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, figs. 189-190; Kabbadias, _Arch. Eph._, 1902, pp. 43 f. and Pls. 3 and 4; Bulle, no. 37 (left), who gives its height as 1.79 meters.

[837] See Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, text to Pl. I, p. 4.

[838] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, p. 4, ascribe it to the Cretan sculptors Skyllis and Dipoinos, who worked in Argos, Sikyon, and Corinth, or to their school.

[839] Statue A: _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, Pl. I; _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, Pls. XIX-XXI (front, side, and rear) and pp. 445 f. (Homolle); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 155, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 89, fig. 8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 337; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pls. IX, X. Statue B (fragmentary): _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, p. 7, fig. 7; _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, Pl. XVIII. See also the following: _Gaz. B.-A._, III Pér., XII, 1894, pp. 444-6; XIII, pp. 32 f.; _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1894, p. 585; especially Homolle, _l. c._, pp. 445 f. (he exchanges B for A); _cf._ _A. J. A._, 1895, p. 115; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 77, 6 and 7.

[840] VI, 10.5; the epigram reads:

Εὐτελίδας καὶ Χρυσόθεμις τάδε ἔργα τέλεσσαν Ἀργεῖοι, τέχναν εἰδότες ἐκ προτέρων.

Damaretos of Heraia won two victories in the heavy-armed race in Ols. 65, 66 (= 520, 516 B. C.); Theopompos two in the pentathlon in Ols. (?) 69, 70 (= 504, 500 B. C.). Their monument was one in common: Hyde, nos. 94, 95 and pp. 42 f.; Foerster, 135, 140 and 168, 169.

[841] P., VI, 15.8; he won in the boys’ wrestling match and in the pentathlon in Ol. 38 (= 628 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62.

[842] Hoplite victor in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): Foerster, 151.

[843] Victor in three running races on the same day (τριαστής) in Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 144-6.

[844] They won in boxing in Ol. 59 (= 544 B. C.) and the pankration in Ol. 61 (= 536 B. C.) respectively: P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187, 188, and p. 56; Foerster, 113 and 120. Pausanias, _l. c._, wrongly says that they were the oldest statues at Olympia.

[845] He won the double foot-race in Ol. 35 (= 640 B. C.): Afr.; P., I, 28.1; Foerster, 55.

[846] He won five victories in wrestling at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: P., III, 13.9; Foerster, 86-90. The statue of Oibotas of Dyme, who won the stade-race in Ol. 6 (= 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.): Afr.; P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6; that of Chionis of Sparta, who won seven running races in Ols. 28-31 (= 668-656 B. C.), was made by Myron, and consequently was erected in the fifth century B. C.: P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111, and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-6: these two, therefore, did not necessarily conform with the “Apollo” type.

[847] VI, 14.5 f; he won in Ol. (?) 61, and in Ols. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 (= 536-516 B. C.): Hyde, 128; Foerster, 116, 122, 126, 131, 136, and 141; Afr. gives the second victory as Ol. 62; see Foerster, 122.

[848] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28.

[849] VI, 14.6-7.

[850] Frazer, IV, p. 44, believes that this description may be imaginary, concocted from stories of Milo’s feats of strength; but Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 601, cite Guttman, _de olympionicis apud Philostratum_, p. 7, Matz, _de Philostr. in describ. imag. Fide_, p. 33, and Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 413, as believing that it was based on the appearance of the statue. Scherer, pp. 23 f., thought that Philostratos followed Pausanias in interpreting the attributes of the statue, and that the latter got his idea of the strength of the victor from the statue or from a cicerone. Pliny, _H. N._, VII, 19, says of Milo: _Malum tenenti nemo digitum corrigebat_. Aelian mentions Milo’s feat with the pomegranate in _Var. Hist._, II, 24 and _de Nat. anim._, VI, 55.

[851] _Cf._ Philostr., _l. c._, ll. 27, 28: καὶ τὸ μήπω διεστὼς τῇ ἀρχαίᾳ ἀγαλματοποιίᾳ προσκείσθω.

[852] _Op. cit._, p. 31.

[853] _Cf._ P., VIII, 46.3.

[854] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75.

[855] For the type, see the Payne Knight bronze statuette in the British Museum: _B. M. Bronz._, no. 209 and Pl. I; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45; the same type appears on Milesian coins. _Cf._ Brunn, I, 77. Frazer is against Scherer’s contention.

[856] II, 2, pp. 601-2. See P., VI, 9.1 (statue of Theognetos).

[857] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[858] _Anachar._, 9; _cf._ _A. G._, IX, 357.

[859] No. 38; _cf._ for the left-hand figure, p. 83, fig. 11 (side view).

[860] _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 44 f., Pls. V, VI (de Ridder); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 547, fig. 332; A. de Ridder, no. 740, pp. 268-9, and Pls. III, IV. It is similar in pose to bronzes in the same museum, nos. 736 (= de Ridder, Pl. II, 1), 737 (= Pl. II, 3), and 738 (= Pl. II, 2). It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle).

[861] It will be considered later on in this chapter: p. 119 and n. 3. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle).

[862] This statuette, showing Peloponnesian tendencies, is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; it is 0.25 meter high (Bulle).

[863] In the same way the pediment statues from Aegina differ from Attic works by straighter lines and more compact forms.

[864] He won a chariot victory some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 (= 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17 (= 105 d; P., VI, 1.26); Foerster, 310.

[865] He won in chariot-racing some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513. The date is from the lettering on the recovered base: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 177; _cf._ Hyde, p. 51. On such statues, _cf._ Reisch, p. 41.

[866] The spelling Ηαγελαιδας occurs on two blocks, d, e, from the Praxiteles bathron at Olympia: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 631 = _I. G. B._, 30; for the whole Praxiteles bathron see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 266. Dittenberger and Purgold keep the reading Hagelaïdas. Possibly the spelling Ἁγελαίδα stands for ὁ Ἀγελαίδα; the MSS. of Pliny read Hagelades; see _I. G. B._, p. xviii, Add. to no. 30; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 217, n. 1. On the sculptor, see Lechat, p. 380 and n. 4, and pp. 454 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 316 f.; Joubin, pp. 14 f., 83 f., 92 f., etc.; Brunn, pp. 63 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 216 f.; and especially Pfuhl, in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.

[867] For Myron, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, 379-80, thinks that the connection is not literally true, even if considerations of chronology are not against it, and derives the story of Hagelaïdas teaching Myron from the similarity between the work of the two. For Polykleitos, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. The tradition that Hagelaïdas was the master of Polykleitos has been unreasonably assailed by many scholars: _e. g._, by Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 97; Mahler, _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, 3912, pp. 6 f.; Klein, I, p. 340; _cf._ II, p. 143; _cf._ Springer-Michaelis, I, p. 210. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, p. 380, believes it impossible because of chronological difficulties, and assumes a sculptor of an intermediate generation as the teacher of Polykleitos; he, followed by Mahler, _l. c._, and Klein, I, 340, names Argeiadas (mentioned in _I. G. B._, no. 30) as this intermediate artist. However, he admits that the statement is true in a general sense, since Polykleitos developed his canon from that of Hagelaïdas: _cf._ _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 149; Pfuhl, however, p. 2192, has shown that the relationship is perfectly possible.

[868] To be mentioned _infra_, p. III and note 2.

[869] Dio Chrysost., _de Hom. et Socr._, 1; here Mueller amends the MSS. reading ΗΠΟΥ to ΗΓΙΟΥ; E. A. Gardner, _Class. Rev._, 1894, p. 70, wrongly reads Ἡγελάδου.

[870] _Mp._, pp. 53 and 196; _Mw._, pp. 80-81, and 380.

[871] Wilamowitz has shown that it comes from Apollonios, son of Chairis, who lived _circa_ 100 B. C., and that it goes back probably to the _Chronica_ of Apollodoros of Athens, who lived in the middle of the second century B. C.: _Aus Kydathen_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, I, 1880), pp. 154 f. Kalkmann, in his _Quellen der Kunstgesch. d. Plinius_, p. 41, believes that the date which is given by Pliny (XXXIV, 49) for the _floruit_ of Hagelaïdas, Ol. 87 (= 423-429 B. C.), comes from the same Apollodoros.

[872] _Op. cit._, pp. 41 and 65 f.; Pfuhl, p. 2194. Brunn, _l. c._, Overbeck, I, p. 140, and Robert, _l. c._, had assumed an earlier plague at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; but the real occasion for the dedication of the _Herakles_ remains obscure.

[873] P., IV, 33.2.

[874] P., VI, 8.6; Hyde, 82; Foerster, 142, 148.

[875] P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 132; Foerster, 133, 134.

[876] P., VI, 10.6 f.; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143. There is no reason for following Brunn in his contention that these statues were set up some time after the victories, as these dates fit the chronology of the artist outlined above.

[877] A fifth-century type of statue occurs on these coins, representing the god standing with the left foot forward, the knee slightly bent, a thunderbolt held in the extended right hand and an eagle in the extended left: _B. M. Coins_, Pelop., Pl. XXII, nos. 1 and 6; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, Muenztafel, III, 20 and 12; Springer-Michaelis, I, p. 211, fig. 393; Collignon, I, p. 318, figs. 158-159. Frickenhaus, quoted by Pfuhl, p. 2194, believes that the pose is seen also in the small bronze pictured in _B. S. A._, III, 1896-7, Pl. X, 1.

[878] P., VII, 24.4. See _B. M. Coins, Pelop._, Pl. IV, nos. 12 and 17, and _cf._ 14; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 1, Muenztafel, IV, 16-17; Svoronos, _Journ. int. d’arch. num._, II, 1898, 302, Pl. 14, 11.

[879] Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Eine argivische Bronze), pp. 152-153 and Pl. I (3 views); from which plate Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 221, fig. 49; Waldstein, _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 131, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 93, fig. 11; von Mach, 17 b; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 1; _cf._ Frost, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 223 f., and fig. 1, who compares its style and pose with a later bronze statuette found off Cerigotto (_Arch. Eph._, 1902, Pl. 14). Ligourió is on the site of the ancient Lessa: Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, II, 1852, p. 418. The bronze without the base is 135 millimeters high (Furtwaengler).

[880] B. B., 302; Bulle, 43; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 428; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 52, fig. 10 (upper part); _Mw._, p. 79, fig. 3; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228 b. It is 1.60 meters high (Bulle).

[881] Listed by Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 139, n. 61. For the relation of these copies to each other, _id._, _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XIV, 1894, pp. 81 f.; he ascribes them to Hegias.

[882] B. B., no. 301; Bulle, 41; von Mach, 321; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1846; _Guide_, 744; Baum., II, p. 1191, fig. 1391; Collignon, II, p. 661, fig. 346; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228, a; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 9; F. W., 225; _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XV, and pp. 123 f.; _Annali_, XXXVIII, 1865, Pl. D and pp. 58 f.; Kekulé, _Gruppe des Kuenstlers Menelaos in Villa Ludovisi_, 1870, Pl. II, 2, pp. 20 f.; Joubin, p. 87, fig. 15; Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 398. The best copy of the head of the statue by Stephanos is in the Lateran Museum, Rome: see Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 217, fig. 92; _Mw._, p. 405, fig. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the tree-trunk, see _I. G. B._, no. 374.

[883] The best example is in Naples, the group being known, and probably correctly, since Winckelmann’s day, as _Orestes_ and _Elektra_: B. B., no. 306; Kekulé, _Gruppe d. Menelaos_, Pl. II, 1; Bulle, 141 (height 1.44 meters); Collignon, II, pp. 662, fig. 347; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 557, fig. 151; Clarac, V, 836, 2093; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 506.4. A sketch of the Naples _Orestes_ and the Ligourió bronze, showing their great resemblance, is given by Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 137. A replica of the female figure is cited by Michaelis as in Marbury Hall, England: p. 503, no. 6; _cf._ Conze, _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr._ Pl.^2, p. 25, n. 3.

[884] _E. g._, the so-called group of _Orestes_ and _Pylades_ in the Louvre: von Mach, 323; Collignon, II, p. 663, fig. 348; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 161, 2 (= _Mercury_ and _Vulcan_).

[885] Kalkmann, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 77 f., thought that the Stephanos figure went back to an original by Pythagoras, the rival of Myron, which Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 49, rightly characterizes as “wide of the mark”; Pfuhl, p. 2197, Bulle, and others regard its ascription to the school of Hagelaïdas as probable, even if not capable of proof. Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 152, believes it was _vermutlich ein Werk des Meisters_ (_i. e._, _Hagelaïdas_) _selbst_: on pp. 146-7 he pronounces the life-size marble torso of a statue of a nude man found in a wall over the ruins of the Palaistra at Olympia (Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 45)—because of its resemblance in pose to that of the Ligourió statuette—a Roman school copy of an original bronze victor statue going back to Hagelaïdas.

[886] _E. g._, the marble group formerly in the Boncompagni-Ludovisi collection, now in the Museo delle Terme, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1314; _Guide_, 887; B. B., no. 309; von Mach, 322; Baum., II, p. 1193, fig. 1393; Springer-Michaelis, p. 454, fig. 834; Kekulé, _Die Gruppe d. Menelaos_, Pl. I; Schreiber, _Bildw. d. Villa Ludovisi_, p. 89, no. 69; Collignon, II, p. 665, fig. 349; F. W., 1560; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 506, 6.

[887] V, 10.8.

[888] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 72, and XXXVI, 16.

[889] See Brunn, pp. 236-7 and 244-5.

[890] Loeschke (_Dorpaterprogr._, 1887, p. 7, on the basis of an early suggestion of Furtwaengler in _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 194) and J. Six (_J. H. S._, X, 1889, pp. 109 f.), assumed two sculptors of the name of Alkamenes, ascribing the gable statues and that of _Hera_ at Phaleron (mentioned by P., I, 1.5) to the elder one. Furtwaengler later retracted the theory of two artists and assumed but one (_Mp._, p. 90, n. 3; _Mw._, p. 122 and n. 6). Koepp has shown that the _Hera_ is of no use in dating, since the story of Pausanias that the temple of Hera was destroyed by the Persians is an invention (_Jb._, V, 1890, p. 277). The idea of an elder Alkamenes based on the inscription on a herm recently found in Pergamon (_A. A._, 1904, fig. on p. 76) has also been refuted by Winter (_A. M._, XXIX, 1904, pp. 208-211, and Pls. XVIII-XXI), who has shown that the inscription and statue do not go so far back.

[891] See Baum., pp. 1104 KK.

[892] P. 243.

[893] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, pp. 141 f.

[894] No. 135.

[895] _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr._, pp. 67 f.

[896] _A. M._, VII, 1882, pp. 206 f. He also found the style of the two pediments unlike.

[897] _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 78, n. (= Argive-Sikyonian); _cf._ _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 44-95; Tafelbd., Pls. IX-XVII (East Gable), XXII-XXXI (West Gable).

[898] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 374-5 (= Argive-Sikyonian); _cf._ _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 53 f., where he excepts the four corner figures of the West Gable as Attic, because they are of Pentelic marble, and not Parian, like the others.

[899] I, pp. 460-1.

[900] I, p. 330 (= Elean).

[901] For a discussion of the whole question of the artists, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, pp. 329 f.; Frazer, III, pp. 512 f. For a restoration of the two groups, see Treu, _Jb._, III, 1888, Pls. 5, 6 (West), and _ibid._, IV, 1889, Pls. 8, 9 (East); whence Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 246, figs, 57 and 56 respectively; see also _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XVIII-XXI; Textbd., pp. 114-137; Overbeck, I, Pl. opp. p. 309; etc.

[902] Richardson, p. 101, fig. 49 (side), and p. 154 for the statement; Lechat, _Au Musée_, Pl. XVI; Bulle, pp. 462-3, figs. 135, 136; B. B., no. 461 (middle row, bottom); _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 372 f. (Studniczka); de Ridder, no. 467; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 679, fig. 347; it is 0.10 meter high (Graef., _A. M._, XV, 1890, p. 16, n. 1). For the figure of Apollo, see Bulle, no. 42; _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. XXII, and Textbd., p. 69; von Mach, 86 (statue), 446 (head). The original height was 3.10 meters (Bulle).

[903] _Mp._, p. 53; _Mw._, p. 80; _50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr._, pp. 140-1 and 148.

[904] The torso was found in 1865, the head in 1888: torso, _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 20 and Pl. I, with wrong head (Furtwaengler); head, _Arch. Eph._, 1888, p. 81 and Pl. III; figure in outline, Collignon, I, pp. 374-5, figs. 191-2; Dickins, no. 698, pp. 264 f.; B. B., 461 b; Bulle, 40 and figs. 15, 14 on pp. 87-8 (from a cast); von Mach, 57; Overbeck, I, p. 205, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 452, fig. 38; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403; Furtwaengler, _A. A._, 1889, p. 147, _Mw._, pp. 76, n. 2, and 81; Wolters, _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 226. Bulle dates it toward 480 B. C.

[905] The same turn appears in the sixth-century Rampin head: Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182. It will be discussed later on, pp. 126-127.

[906] Furtwaengler, _50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr._, pp. 132 and 150; _Mp._, p. 19; Dickins, p. 265.

[907] It is a dedication by Euthydikos: Collignon, I, Pl. VI (right), opp. p. 356; von Mach, no. 26 (right); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 212, fig. 47; Bulle, 240; Lechat, _Au Musée_, p. 367, fig. 37; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 595, fig. 299; Richardson, p. 78, fig. 33; Springer-Michaelis, p. 207, fig. 390. Bulle gives it as half life-size.

[908] Dickins, pp. 248 f., no. 689; Bulle, no. 198; B. B., 460; von Mach, 440 and 443 (left); Collignon, I, p. 362, fig. 184, and bibliog., note 3, p. 363; Overbeck, I, p. 206, fig. 49; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 213, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 362 and _Au Musée_, p. 374, fig. 39; Furtw., _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XIV; _Arch. Eph._, III, 1888, Pl. II. It is slightly under life-size.

[909] Here again Furtwaengler ascribes it to Hegias, whose art he derives from Hagelaïdas.

[910] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, p. 49, fig. 78; it will be discussed _infra_ in Ch. IV, pp. 220-1.

[911] See _supra_, p. 105 and n. 3.

[912] On Chrysothemis, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, III, 2, p. 2521; Brunn, pp. 61-2; Overbeck, I, p. 140; Collignon, I, pp. 225 (= forerunners of Hagelaïdas and Polykleitos), and _cf._ p. 320. On Eutelidas, see Pauly-Wissowa, VI, 1, p. 1493.

[913] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55; others, _e. g._, P., VI, 6.2, call him an Argive. He belonged to a family of sculptors, some of whom worked in Sikyon and others in Argos.

[914] Kyniskos: P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; Pythokles: P., VI, 7.10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; Aristion: P., VI, 13.6; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 92; Thersilochos: P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 114; Foerster, 369.

[915] _H. N._, XXXIV, 91. In the same book, § 72, Pliny mentions another pupil of Polykleitos, Aristeides, as the fashioner of chariot-groups. Pausanias merely mentions him in connection with improvements in the hippodrome at Olympia made by Kleoitas: VI, 20.14; see Pauly-Wissowa, II, pp. 896-7.

[916] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 226, makes Naukydes, Daidalos, and the younger Polykleitos sons of Patrokles, the brother of the great Polykleitos. Naukydes and Daidalos describe themselves as sons of Patrokles in two inscriptions: _I. G. B._, 86 and 88. Pausanias, however, calls Naukydes a brother of Polykleitos and son of Mothon: II, 22.7.

[917] Cheimon: P., VI, 9.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285; Baukis: P., VI, 8.4; Hyde, 77; Foerster, 318; Eukles: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed). Naukydes’ activity extended from Ol. 83 to Ol. 95 (= 448-400 B. C.): Hyde, p. 39.

[918] _H. N._, XXXIV, 49.

[919] P., VI, 8.1; Hyde, 72; Foerster, 268.

[920] P., VI, 6.2, expressly distinguishes between the elder and younger Polykleitos; in speaking of the statue of the boy wrestler Agenor, he says that Polykleitos, the pupil of Naukydes, “not the one who made the statue of Hera,” fashioned it. Robert, _O. S._, pp. 186 f., gives his activity as Ols. 98 to 103 (= 388-368 B. C.).

[921] Antipatros: P., VI, 2.6; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309; Agenor: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355; Xenokles: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; _I. G. B._, 90; Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos and that of Aristion to the younger: _Mp._, pp. 224-5. Loewy had already assumed the eider for Aristion, _Strena Helbigiana_, p. 180, n. 4, and this was confirmed by the early dating of his victory in the _Oxy. Pap._

[922] P., VI, 16.7; Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515. On this sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2137; _I. G. B._, 475; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 318; etc.

[923] Before 600 B. C.; Robert, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, pp. 1159 f.; _cf._ Collignon, I, pp. 131 and 222 f.; Overbeck, I, pp. 84 f.

[924] P., VI, 9.1, f.

[925] Antipatros of Sidon, in _A. Pl._ (XVI), no. 220; on Aristokles, see Pauly-Wissowa, II, p. 937; Robert, _Arch. Maerch._, pp. 95 ff.

[926] Longpérier, _Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1868, no. 69; de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 2, 2, and p. 7; B. B., no. 78; Collignon, I, Pl. V, opp. p. 312; von Mach, 18 (two views); Overbeck, I, p. 235, fig. 60 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 397; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XI; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 84, 9. For bibliography, see Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 274. It is only 3 feet 4 inches tall. The _Apollo Philesios_, stolen from Miletos at the destruction of the city by Darius in 493 B. C. (Hdt., VI, 19; but P., VIII, 46.3, and later writers wrongly say by Xerxes; see E. Meyer, _Gesch. d. Altertums_,^2 1912, III, p. 309), was restored from Ekbatana in Media in 306 B. C. by Seleukos Nikator (P., _l. c._, and _cf._ I, 16.3). It is also mentioned by P., II, 10.5. The genuineness of the Piombino statuette has been assailed, but Overbeck has proved it genuinely archaic: _Griech. Kunstmyth._, III, _Apollon_, 1889, pp. 22 f.; _cf._ _Gesch. d. gr. Pl._, I, pp. 234 f.

[927] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75; _cf._ Jex-Blake _ad loc._, p. 60. Pausanias mentions a cedar replica of the _Apollo_ at Thebes: II, 10.5 and IX, 10.2. See p. 336, n. 1.

[928] P. Gardner, _The Types of Greek Coins_, 1883, Pl. XV, nos. 15-16; Collignon, I, p. 312, figs. 153-155; _cf._ B. Head, _Historia Nummorum_^2, 1911, p. 586; Overbeck, _Apollon_, pp. 23 f., and Muenztafel I, nos. 22 f. Also on gems: see M. W., I, Pl. XV, no. 61; _B. M. Gems_, no. 720; etc.

[929] _L. c._

[930] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 209 and Pl. I (middle); _Specimens_, Pl. 12; _Annali_, VI, 1834, Pl. D, fig. 4; Overbeck, I, p. 144, fig. 24, and _Apollon_, p. 24, fig. 5; Murray, I, p. 193, fig. 49; Rayet et Thomas, _Milet et le golfe Latmique_, Pl. 28, 2; Collignon, I, p. 313, fig. 156; Dar.-Sagl., I, p. 318, fig. 375; von Mach, 17 a; Springer-Michaelis, p. 183, fig. 350; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 475, fig. 242; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 80, 9; Fowler and Wheeler, _Hbk. of Greek Archæology_, 1909, p. 331, fig. 251; Furtwaengler, in Roscher, _Lex._, I, 1, p. 451; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45, Bulle, 28 (middle). A modern copy is in the Antiquarium, Munich: F. W., 51. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle).

[931] _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 90 f. (Studniczka) and Pls. IV, IV a, V; Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; Overbeck, I, p. 239, fig. 62; Michaelis in _A. Z._, XXI, 1863, pp. 122 f. (Anzeiger). It is 1.11 meters in height.

[932] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 36, fig. 8; Fraenkel, in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84-91, and Pl. 7.

[933] The small bronze also found there, 0.155 meter high, belongs to the same series: _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 190 f., and Pl. IX. It greatly resembles the statuette from Naxos. For a list of replicas of the statue of Kanachos, see Rayet, _Études d’archéologie et d’art_, p. 164; etc.

[934] On the style of Kanachos and the _Apollo_, see also Kekulé, _Sitzb. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1904, I, pp. 786-801; O. Mueller, _Kleine Schriften_, II, p. 537; F. W., to no. 51; Brunn, pp. 74 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 310 f.; etc.

[935] P., VI, 1.3 and 8.5; Hyde, 1, 2, 3, and 78; Foerster, 296, 300, 299, 290 and 305; on Alypos, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1711; Brunn, p. 280; _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 287 f.; and _cf._ P., X, 9.10.

[936] P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 116; Foerster, 291; on the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 277.

[937] P., VI, 3.13; Hyde, 34; Foerster, 575; on the sculptor, see Brunn, pp. 292 and 419; _cf._ Hyde, p. 34.

[938] Timon and Aigyptos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and [101] P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17, 18; Foerster, 310, 301; Aristodemos, Ol. [98] P., VI, 3.4; Hyde, 25; Foerster, 312; Eupolemos, Ol. 96: Afr.; P., VI, 3.7; Hyde, 28; Foerster, 294. On Daidalos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, pp. 2006 f.; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 191 f.; Brunn, pp. 14 f.

[939] P., VI, 3.5; Hyde, 26; Foerster, 325. On Damokritos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2070; Brunn, p. 105.

[940] Deinolochos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 5; Foerster, 330; Hysmon: P., VI, 3.9; Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347; Kritodamos: P., VI, 8.5; Hyde, 80; Foerster, 337; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 167; _I. G. B._, no. 96; Alketos: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 86; Foerster, 320; Lykinos: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 100; Foerster, 336. On Kleon, see Brunn, pp. 285; _I. G. B._, to no. 95.

[941] Troilos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; the dates of his two victories, Ols. 102, 103, are known; Philandridas: P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 10; Foerster, 393; his victory fell either in Ol. 102 or Ol. 103; Cheilon: P., VI, 4.6-7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392; P., because of the dating of Lysippos, inferred that this victor fell either at Chæroneia (338 B. C.) or Lamia (322 B. C.), both of which dates fall within the working years of the sculptor; see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 246; Polydamas: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; Africanus gives us the date of his victory as Ol. 93, though the statue was set up after the victor’s death; Kallikrates, of Magnesia on the Mæander: P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (for two victories). Lysippos made two honor statues for Pythes of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a.

[942] Kallon: P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 106; Foerster, 410; Nikandros: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 157; Foerster, 408 and 413 (two victories). On the sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2013; Brunn, p. 407.

[943] P., VI, 17.5; Hyde, 181; Foerster, 401. On Daitondas, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2015 (who dates the sculptor at the beginning of the third century B. C., because of an inscribed base found at Delphi: _I. G. B._, 97; _C. I. G. G. S._, I, 2472); _cf._ Schmidt, _A. M._, V, 1880, pp. 197-8, no. 58; _cf._ Brunn, p. 418.

[944] P., VI, 2.6 f.; Hyde, 15; Foerster, 424.

[945] _H. N._, XXXIV, 51; _cf._ XXXIV, 78 (for his image of the Eurotas river); XXXV, 141 (as painter). The _Tyche_ is mentioned by P., VI, 2.7. Many copies of this work in marble, bronze, and silver have been identified, especially a marble statuette in the Vatican: B. B., no. 154; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 362; F. W., 1396; von Mach, 256; etc. For a list of copies, see R. Foerster, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 145 f.; _cf._ Amelung, _Fuehrer d. Florenz_, nos. 261-2; and P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, IX, 1888, pp. 75 f. and Pl. V (silver statuette). On the sculptor, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, VI, pp. 1532-3; Brunn, I, pp. 411 f.; II, p. 157 (painter); Overbeck, II, pp. 172 f.; Collignon II, pp. 485 f.; Murray^2, II, pp. 354 f. Robert, _l. c._, gives three other sculptors of the same name; _cf._ _I. G. B._, nos. 143 and 244-9; Homolle, _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 336 f.

[946] Kratinos: P., VI, 3.6; Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433; Alexinikos: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184; Foerster, 438. On the sculptor, see Pliny, XXXIV, 85; Brunn, p. 415.

[947] P., V, 25.12-13.

[948] P., V, 27.8 (= joint work of Onatas and Kalliteles).

[949] P., V, 25.8 f. The base has been found _in situ_ east of the temple of Zeus: _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., II, Pl. XVII, 12; Textbd., pp. 145 f. See Plans A and B.

[950] P., VI, 12.1. Hiero won three victories in Ols. 76, 77, 78 (= 476-468 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215. The monument was dedicated in 467 B. C. after the death of the king. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 88.

[951] P., VI, 9.4-5; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143.

[952] Philon: P., VI, 9.9; Hyde, 91; Foerster, 167 and 179; he won in Ols. (?) 72 and 73 (= 492 and 488 B. C.); Glaukos (boy boxer): P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137; he won in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.), but his statue was set up by his son at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Hyde, p. 42; Theagenes: P., VI, 11.2 f.; he won in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 476 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[953] For the meaning of the word σκιαμαχεῖν, see _infra_, Ch. IV, p. 243 and n. 4.

[954] Theognetos: P., VI, 9.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193, 193 N; Epikradios: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 101; Foerster, 228.

[955] P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 103 and p. 44; Foerster, 519. On the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96.

[956] P., VI, 14.2; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96.

[957] Lechat, _Au Musée_, Pl. XV; _Arch. Eph._, 1887, Pl. III and pp. 43 f.; Bulle, 226 (two views); von Mach, 442, 443 (right); S. Reinach, _Têtes_, nos. 5 and 6; Overbeck, I, p. 198, fig. 44 (two views); Collignon, I, p. 304, fig. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 526-7, figs. 271-2; E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, VIII, 1887, p. 191. While Overbeck and Lechat regard it as Attic, most scholars call it Aeginetan. The helmet is separately made and fastened on. Bulle dates it in the first decade of the fifth century B. C. It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle).

[958] Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. VII, 1, p. 260; Collignon, I, p. 303, fig. 150; _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XVIII; Kekulé, _Annali_, XLII, 1870, pp. 263 f.; von Mach, 441; F. W., 229; for its style, see Rayet, I, text to Pl. 26. Studniczka, _R. M._, II, 1887, p. 105, n. 47, believes that the closely allied colossal marble head in the Museo Torlonia (no. 501) in Rome is a copy of the colossal _Apollo_ of Onatas at Pergamon, mentioned by P., VIII, 42.7. The head of the _Zeus_ found at Olympia (_Bronz. v. Ol._, Pl. I, 1, 1 a) has been regarded as Aeginetan.

[959] Collignon, I, p. 306; fig. 152 on p. 305.

[960] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 206; etc. Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1872, pp. 529 f., referred it to the school of Kallon; _cf._ also Collignon, I, p. 302.

[961] Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 169, fig. 31; von Mach, no. 15 (right); etc.

[962] _Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia_, 1906; see Tafelbd., II, Pls. 104 (West Gable), 105 (East Gable), (the pediment groups in colors); whence Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 226, Pls. 50-51; _cf._ also Springer-Michaelis, pp. 214-15, figs. 400 (West Gable), 401 (East Gable); fig. 399 gives an older arrangement of the West Gable statues, as set up in plaster in the Strasbourg Museum. Since Furtwaengler’s death new attempts at reconstruction have been made, notably by P. Wolters, _Aeginetische Beitraege_, and D. Mackenzie, in _B. S. A._, XV, 1908-09, pp. 274 f. and PI. XIX (East Gable). For various figures, see von Mach, nos. 78-83. See Furtwaengler-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, pp. 95 f. and figs. 74 f.

[963] While Overbeck dates them about 500 B. C., Furtwaengler, Bulle, Gardner, and others date them about 480 B. C.

[964] Hdt., VIII, 93.

[965] P., X, 13. 10.

[966] Furtw., _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 95, no. 82, and Textbd., pp. 248-9, and fig. 178 on p. 23; B. B., no 26; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 229, fig. 52; it is from the north half of the gable.

[967] Furtw., fig. 204, p. 248.